First conceived during the Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space, Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal of " landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth " by the end of the 1960s, which he proposed in a May 25, 1961 address to Congress.

Furthermore, there is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth that does not contradict well understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.

He designed the first instruments used in satellites to measure cosmic radiation and ozone, and in 1951 or 1952 designed the MOUSE (" Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth "), a proposed satellite that would contain Geiger counters for measuring cosmic rays, photo cells for scanning the Earth, telemetry electronics for sending data back to Earth, a magnetic data storage device, and rudimentary solar energy cells.

Given these, a new term Anthropocene, is specifically proposed and used informally for the latest part of this epoch since approximately synchronous lithospheric evidence, or more recently atmospheric evidence, of human impacts have been found on the Earth and its ecosystems ; these impacts may be considered of global significance for future evolution of living species.

Other writers of the 20th century have proposed that " ascended masters " of esoteric wisdom inhabit subterranean caverns or a hollow Earth.

Some writers have proposed building megastructures that have some similarities to a hollow Earth – see Dyson sphere, Globus Cassus.

Cyrus Teed, a doctor from upstate New York, proposed such a concave hollow Earth in 1869, calling his scheme " Cellular Cosmogony ".

Hutton proposed that the interior of the Earth was hot, and that this heat was the engine which drove the creation of new rock: land was eroded by air and water and deposited as layers in the sea ; heat then consolidated the sediment into stone, and uplifted it into new lands.

In 1992 a Draft Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations was proposed at the Rio Earth Summit by the UN Centre for Transnational Corporations ( UNCTC ), but the Business Council for Sustainable Development ( BCSD ) together with the International Chamber of Commerce ( ICC ) argued successfully for self-regulation instead.

The Nobel prize winner Francis Crick, along with Leslie Orgel proposed seeds of life may have been purposely spread by an advanced extraterrestrial civilization, but considering an early " RNA world " Crick noted later that life originating may have originated on Earth.

The Obama Administration proposed a revision of Constellation in 2010 to focus on the development of the capability for crewed missions beyond low earth orbit ( LEO ), envisioning extending the operation of the ISS beyond 2020, transferring the development of launch vehicles for human crews from NASA to the private sector, and developing technology to enable missions to beyond LEO, such as Earth / Moon L1, the Moon, Earth / Sun L2, near-earth asteroids, and Phobos or Mars orbit.

Roughly a century before Copernicus, Christian scholar Nicholas of Cusa also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis in his book, On Learned Ignorance ( 1440 ).

Aryabhata ( 476 – 550 ), Brahmagupta ( 598 – 668 ), Albumasar and Al-Sijzi, also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis.

He also proposed that intelligence — transmitted without wires — transmission through the Earth and to establish the physical mechanism of such a circuit.

* 1. 5 Gm — ( proposed ) Expected orbit from Earth of the James Webb Space Telescope

A concept to provide low Earth orbit ( LEO ) propellant depots that could be used as way-stations for other spacecraft to stop and refuel on the way to beyond-LEO missions has proposed that waste gaseous hydrogen — an inevitable byproduct of long-term liquid hydrogen storage in the radiative heat environment of space — would be usable as a monopropellant in a solar-thermal propulsion system.

A " laser broom " has been proposed to sweep space debris from Earth orbit.

In 1772 Maskelyne proposed to the Royal Society what was to become known as the Schiehallion experiment ( named after the mountain on which it was performed ), for the determination of the Earth ’ s density using a plumb line.

Two years later, in 1670, Gabriel Mouton, a French abbot and scientist, proposed a decimal system of measurement based on the circumference of the Earth.

This has been proposed as a way to prevent an asteroid from colliding with the Earth where a several decades long warning is raised as to a future collision.

Plato proposed that the seemingly chaotic wandering motions of the planets could be explained by combinations of uniform circular motions centered on a spherical Earth, apparently a novel idea in the 4th century.

Four billion years in Earth's past, a group of Salaxalans attempts to populate the earth ; however, a mistake caused by their engineer – who used an Electric Monk to irrationally believe the proposed fix would work – causes their landing craft to explode, killing the Salaxalans and generating the spark of energy needed to start the process of life on Earth.

* Ionian Stage, a proposed stage of the Pleistocene epoch, named after the Ionian Sea

The ICS once proposed that the Quaternary be considered a sub-era ( sub-erathem ) of the Neogene, with a beginning date of 2. 588 Ma, namely the start of the Gelasian Stage.

* Advanced Common Evolved Stage, a proposed cryogenic second stage launch vehicle

In 1998 Rotary Rocket proposed the Roton, a Single Stage to Orbit ( SSTO ) piloted Vertical Take-off and Landing ( VTOL ) space transport.

Of these two proposed glacial tills, the Kansan till, which defined the Kansan Stage, was the upper of the two glacial tills and the Nebraskan till, which defined the Nebraskan Stage, was the lower of the two glacial tills.

In this interpretation, the Pike Soil is proposed to an interglacial ( Marine Isotope Stage 7 ) paleosol.

The proposed C & O-B & O railroad would make it the hemisphere's second largest.

The proposed change would define 1 A as being the current in the direction of flow of a particular number of elementary charges per second.

Colloquially referred to as the New World, this second super continent came to be termed " America ", probably deriving its name from the feminized Latin version of Vespucci's first name .< ref > Rival explanations have been proposed ( see Arciniegas, Germán.

Frank Moore Cross later proposed that an early version of the history was composed in Jerusalem in Josiah's time ( late 7th century ); this first version, Dtr1, was then revised and expanded to create a second edition, that identified by Noth, and which Cross labelled Dtr2.

The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age system, as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, for classifying and studying ancient societies.

Pinochet was, as expected, the candidate proposed, and he was denied a second 8 year term by 54. 5 % of the vote.

Georges Dumézil in his controversial trifunctional hypothesis proposed that ancient societies had three main classes each with distinct functions: the first judicial and priestly ; the second connected with the military and war, while the third class focussed on production, agriculture, craft and commerce.

During Nehru's second term as general secretary of the Congress, he proposed certain resolutions concerning the foreign policy of India.

Less likely is the commonly proposed derivation from Welsh arth " bear " + ( g ) wr " man " ( earlier * Arto-uiros in Brittonic ); there are phonological difficulties with this theory — notably that a Brittonic compound name * Arto-uiros should produce Old Welsh * Artgur and Middle / Modern Welsh * Arthwr and not Arthur ( in Welsh poetry the name is always spelled Arthur and is exclusively rhymed with words ending in-ur-never words ending in-wr-which confirms that the second element cannot be wr " man ").

He proposed to map and describe the second half of the Oregon Trail, from South Pass to the Columbia River.

According to a modern history of the regiment, the idea for creating this unique force was proposed by Jacques Prevost, a Swiss soldier and adventurer who was a friend of The Duke of Cumberland ( William, who was the King's second son and was Commander-in-Chief of the Forces.

Here, Le Corbusier proposed a three-floor structure, with a double-height living room, bedrooms on the second floor, and a kitchen on the third floor.

It listed over 150 perceived " misdeeds " of Charles ' reign including the Church ( under the influence of foreign papists ) and royal advisers ( also " have engaged themselves to further the interests of some foreign powers ") the second half of the Remonstrance proposed solutions to the " misdeeds " including church reform and Parliamentary influence over the appointment of royal ministers.

In 1668, Wilkins proposed using Christopher Wren's suggestion of a pendulum with a half-period of one second to measure a standard length that Christiaan Huygens had observed to be 38 Rhineland or English inches ( 997mm ) in length.

George Forster, who had been on Cook ’ s second voyage to the Pacific and had been with him when he landed on Norfolk Island, was at the time professor of natural history at the University of Vilna ( or Vilnius ) in Polish Lithuania: Forster discussed the proposed Botany Bay colony in an article written in November 1786, “ Neuholland, und die brittische Colonie in Botany Bay ”.

Several possible routes have been proposed for a canal in Nicaragua, all making use of Lake Nicaragua, the second largest lake in Latin America.

A 2008 draft mathematics standard proposed that Kindergartners multiply to 30 by skip counting ( also known as counting by twos: 2, 4, 6, 8 ...), and that second graders solve simple algebra story problems.

The second law of error was proposed in 1778 by Laplace and stated that the frequency of the error is an exponential function of the square of the error.

A second hypothesis, the cyclol hypothesis advanced by Dorothy Wrinch, proposed that the linear polypeptide underwent a chemical cyclol rearrangement C = O + HN C ( OH )- N that crosslinked its backbone amide groups, forming a two-dimensional fabric.

" In 2007, Haraldur Bernharðsson proposed that the original form of the second word in the compound is røk, leading to a Proto-Germanic reconstruction of * rekwa and opening up other semantic possibilities.

In 1832, Gauss proposed using the second as the base unit of time in his millimeter-milligram-second system of units.

It has been proposed that Sámi ( presumably borrowed from the Proto-Finnic word ), Häme ( Finnish for Tavastia ) (< Proto-Finnic * šämä, the second ä still being found in the archaic derivation Hämäläinen ), and perhaps Suomi ( Finnish for Finland ) (< * sōme -/ sōma -, compare suomalainen, supposedly borrowed from a Proto-Germanic source * sōma-from Proto-Baltic * sāma -, in turn borrowed from Proto-Finnic * šämä ) are of the same origin and ultimately borrowed from the Baltic word * žēmē, meaning " land ".

In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed migration hypotheses asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE.

In the time between the second and third periods, the proposed schemata were further revised on the basis of comments from the council fathers.

Sondheim also wrote some new songs for a proposed Into the Woods film, including one entitled Rainbows, which Sondheim said will be in his second book ( to be published in October 2011 ).