Those who subscribe to the proposition that there are inherent distinctions among people that can be ascribed to membership in a racial group ( and who may use this to justify differential treatment of such groups ) tend to describe themselves using the term “ racialism ” rather than “ racism ”, to avoid the negative connotations of the latter word.

Nevertheless, the Balladur Committee has not retained this proposition and does not advocate the disappearance of the departments, but simply " favors the voluntary grouping of departments ," which it suggests also for the regions, with the aim of bringing the number of the latter down to fifteen.

This sentiment was felt by other European Allies, especially Poland, whose proposition that they be part of the occupation of Germany was rejected by the Soviets ; the latter taking the view that they had liberated the Poles from the Nazis which thus put them under the influence of the USSR.

However, the latter possibility is almost never exercised, since the majority can reject a proposition by the opposition to create an investigation commission.

The former is the linguistic meaning of an expression, and the latter is the proposition ( or propositional component ) expressed by an expression in a context.

But the latter proposition obviously does not follow from the former.

A categorical proposition is a part of deductive reasoning that contains two categorical terms, the subject and the predicate, and affirms or denies the latter of the former.

Proposition 209 ( also known as the California Civil Rights Initiative ) is a California ballot proposition which, upon approval in November 1996, amended the state constitution to prohibit state government institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting or public education.

It further states that a proposition to impeach is a question of high privilege in the House and at once supersedes business otherwise in order under the rules governing the order of business.

Compare, for example, Proposition 4. 024 of the Tractatus, where Wittgenstein asserts that we understand a proposition when we know what happens if it is true, with Schlick's assertion that " To state the circumstances under which a proposition is true is the same as stating its meaning.

In logic, the semantic principle ( or law ) of bivalence states that every declarative sentence expressing a proposition ( of a theory under inspection ) has exactly one truth value, either true or false.

: The Court's statement in Torcaso does not stand for the proposition that humanism, no matter in what form and no matter how practiced, amounts to a religion under the First Amendment.

*** forwarding the proposition under dispute without any certain proof ( argumentum ad ignorantiam )

To avoid the controversies and ontological implications, the term sentence is often now used instead of proposition to refer to just those strings of symbols that are truthbearers, being either true or false under an interpretation.

" The decision has been criticized on free speech grounds, but the Seventh Circuit has cited it for the proposition that " confusion about sponsorship or approval, even when the mark does not mislead consumers about the source of the goods ," may be sufficient to state a claim under Lanham Act 43 ( a ).

The government under Lindman fell in 1930 after the Social Democrats and the Freeminded People's Party had blocked a proposition for raised customs duty on grain.

Others, however, use this expression only to indicate a distinction between ontological possibility and epistemic possibility, as in " Both the ontological possibility of X under current conditions and the ontological impossibility of X under current conditions are epistemically possible " ( in logical terms, " I am not aware of any facts inconsistent with the truth of proposition X, but I am likewise not aware of any facts inconsistent with the truth of the negation of X ").

225: This article analyzes the definition of publication in the U. S. Copyright Act of 1976 and finds strong support for the proposition that electronic dissemination ( e. g., " Internet publishing ") of works does not result in publication under American copyright law.

This is to say that a proposition is logically possible if there is some coherent way for the world to be, under which the proposition would be true.

This proposition was tabled until 1807, when under Varnum's leadership the amendment moved through Congress and passed both houses on March 2, 1807.

Determined to impeach Johnston for neglect of his duties by the end of 1927, the Legislative leaders met in special session under a newly adopted initiative proposition.

The obvious suggestion that q is relevant to p if q is implied by p breaks down because under standard definitions of material implication, a false proposition implies all other propositions.

Common practice, though, is for bills reported from committees to be considered in the Rules Committee, which will decide for how long and under what rules the full body will debate the proposition.

Different traditions govern whether the Committee of the Whole or the House itself will debate a given resolution, and the Rules Committee generally sets the forum under which a proposition will be debated and the amendment / time limitations for every measure, too.

In 1922, for example, Alfred J. Lotka referred to Boltzmann as one of the first proponents of the proposition that available energy can be understood as the fundamental object under contention in the biological, or life-struggle and therefore also in the evolution of the organic world.

Life baronies under the Life Peerages Act are created by the Sovereign but, in practice, none are granted except upon the proposition of the Prime Minister.

First, as Alfred Freddoso states, " it seems reasonable to claim that there are now adequate metaphysical grounds for the truth of conditional future contingent Ft ( P ) on H just in case there would be adequate metaphysical grounds at t for the truth of the present-tense proposition p on the conditions that H should obtain at t ." William Lane Craig agrees " n order for a counterfactual of freedom to be true, it is not required that the events to which they refer actually exist ; all that is required is that they would exist under the specified conditions.

If the defendant accepts these suggestions and changes his penalty proposition, the court approves it and passes the verdict according to the plea agreement.

Among the forms that it can take are a stern rebuke by a legislature, a spiritual penalty imposed by a church, and a negative judgment pronounced on a theological proposition.

The proposition that the death penalty was not always cruel and unusual punishment was just the beginning of the discussion.

Thus, when a jurist ( legal scientist ) states that the law of a certain country contains the norm ' theft is to be punished with imprisonment ', this legal proposition is not a comment on whether anybody in that country has a moral or other extra-legal obligation to impose, accept or evade such a penalty.

While the physics behind the proposition is sound, the removal of one flawed data point from the original study rendered the application of the concept in these circumstances unwarranted.

The next major development in the study of memory recall was Endel Tulving ’ s proposition of two kinds of memory: episodic and semantic.

The term " thesis " comes from the Greek, meaning " study ", and refers to an intellectual proposition.

Again, as perplexing as this position might seem to a traditional social scientist, such a proposition is consistent with ethnomethodology's understanding of " member's methods ", and has philosophical standing when looked at in terms of certain lines of philosophical thought regarding the philosophy of science ( Polyani: 1974 ; Kuhn: 1996 ; Feyerabend: 1975 / 2010 ), and the study of the actual practices of scientific procedure ( Lynch: 1993 ).

This leads Hegel to consider the events of history in terms of universal reason: " That world history is governed by an ultimate design, that it is a rational process ... this is a proposition whose truth we must assume ; its proof lies in the study of world history itself, which is the image and enactment of reason.

UNICEF, in a study entitled Basic Services for All: Public Spending and the Social Dimensions of Poverty, laid out moral, consensual, instrumental and historical grounds, in support of the proposition that state provision of basic services is mandatory regardless of circumstance.

During the Islamic Golden Age, Muslim scholars devoted a number of works that engaged in the study of Menelaus ' theorem, which they referred to as " the proposition on the secants " ( shakl al-qatta ).

In the preface to the Theory of Colours, Goethe explained that he tried to apply the principle of polarity, in the work – a proposition that belonged to his earliest convictions and was constitutive of his entire study of nature.

In 1616, the Roman Inquisition's consultants gave their assessment of the proposition that the Sun is immobile and at the center of the universe and that the Earth moves around it, judging both to be " foolish and absurd in philosophy " and that the first was " formally heretical " while the second was " at least erroneous in faith ".

Schopenhauer used Jones's authority to relate the basic principle of his philosophy to what was, according to Jones, the most important underlying proposition of Vedânta.

Sartre's key proposition about the priority of existentia over essentia is, Sartre's statement that " existence precedes essence " does, however, justify using the name " existentialism " as an appropriate title for a philosophy of this sort.

In philosophy and logic, the term proposition refers to either the " content " or " meaning " of a meaningful declarative sentence.

In traditional logic, a proposition ( Latin: propositio ) is a spoken assertion ( oratio enunciativa ), not the meaning of an assertion, as in modern philosophy of language and logic.

For instance, in condemning proposition 14, " Philosophy is to be treated without taking any account of supernatural revelation ", the Syllabus asserts the truth of the contrary proposition — that philosophy should take account of supernatural revelation.

In philosophy, the unity of the proposition is the problem of explaining how a sentence in the indicative mood expresses more than just what a list of proper names expresses.

In philosophy, a sentence which asserts incomplete truth conditions for a proposition may be regarded as a truism.

Behaviorism ( or behaviourism ), also called the learning perspective ( where any physical action is a behavior ), is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things that organisms do — including acting, thinking, and feeling — can and should be regarded as behaviors, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns or modifying the environment.

Advaita Vedānta is a scripturally derived philosophy centred on the proposition, first found in early Upaniṣads ( 800 – 300 BC ), that Brahman – the Absolute, the supreme reality – and the self ( ātman ) are identical.

Drawing on the tradition of ordinary language philosophy, he adopted the proposition of thick description from the British philosopher Gilbert Ryle and imported the concept of family resemblances into anthropology from the post-analytic philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Some use the term " ethical intuitionism " in moral philosophy to refer to the general position that we have some non-inferential moral knowledge ( see Sinnott-Armstrong, 2006a & 2006b )-- that is, basic moral knowledge that is not inferred from or based on any proposition.

For example, those who follow analytic philosophy from Ludwig Wittgenstein onward might accept the proposition that, as Wittgenstein said in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, " The limits of my language mean the limits of my world.

In philosophy, a first principle is a basic, foundational proposition or assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption.

Hegel's " one, some, and all " proposition follows the basic geographical metaphor Hegel takes throughout his philosophy of history, namely, " World history travels from east to west ; for Europe is the absolute end of history, just as Asia is the beginning.

Nomothetic literally means " proposition of the law " ( Greek derivation ) and is used in philosophy ( see also Nomothetic and idiographic ), psychology, and law with differing meanings.

In the tradition of analytical philosophy, according to Michael Dummett the linguistic movement first took shape in Gottlob Frege's 1884 work The Foundations on Arithmetic, specifically paragraph 62 where Frege explores the identity of a numerical proposition.

Spinoza's philosophy contains as a key proposition the notion that mental and physical ( thought and extension ) phenomena occur in parallel, but without causal interaction between them.