* Vesalius ' most significant contribution to the study of the brain was his trademark illustrations in which he depicts the corpus callosum, the thalamus, the caudate nucleus, the lenticular nucleus, the globus pallidus, the putamen, the pulvinar, and the cerebral peduncles for the first time.

Aggregates of gray matter such as the basal ganglia ( caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbens ) and brain stem nuclei ( red nucleus, substantia nigra, cranial nerve nuclei ) are spread within the cerebral white matter.

Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus.

The putamen, together with the globus pallidus, makes up the lenticular nucleus.

The striatum includes the caudate nucleus ( top ) and putamen ( right ) and the globus pallidus ( left ).

The putamen and caudate are jointly connected with the substantia nigra, but most of their output goes to the globus pallidus.

The direct pathway consists of two inhibitory pathways from the putamen to the substantia nigra and the internal region of the globus pallidus.

This pathway uses the neurotransmitters dopamine, GABA and substance P. The indirect pathway consists of three inhibitory pathways that go from the putamen and caudate nucleus to the external region of the globus pallidus.

It was found that " increasing movement extent was associated with parallel increases of rCBF in bilateral basal ganglia ( BG ; putamen and globus pallidus ) and ipsilateral cerebellum.

In Parkinson's disease the putamen plays a key role because its inputs and outputs are interconnected to the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus.

The term corpus striatum sometimes refers to the striatum combined with the globus pallidus, a structure closely related to the putamen, and the lenticular nucleus refers to the putamen together with the globus pallidus.

Most neuroanatomists disagree on how many brain centers to classify basal nuclei, but agree on at least three: the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.

In the brain, most copper is deposited in the basal ganglia, particularly in the putamen and globus pallidus ( together called the lenticular nucleus ); these areas normally participate in the coordination of movement as well as playing a significant role in neurocognitive processes such as the processing of stimuli and mood regulation.

* Basal ganglia: striatum ( caudate and putamen ), pallidum ( globus pallidus, medial and lateral ), substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus

It is separated from the lenticular nucleus ( made up of the globus pallidus and the putamen ) by the anterior limb of the internal capsule.

For a long time the globus pallidus was linked to the putamen and termed the lentiform nucleus ( nucleus lenticularis or lentiformis ), a heterogeneous anatomical entity that is part of the striatum rather than the pallidum.

micrograph | Microscopic image of the external globus pallidus ( lower left of image ) and putamen ( upper right of image ).

The internal capsule is an area of white matter in the brain that separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the putamen and the globus pallidus.

The direct pathway passes through the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, which are parts of the basal ganglia.

The cells of the direct pathway in the caudate and putamen that receive these signals are inhibitory and, once they become activated, send inhibitory signals to the globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticulata.

The indirect pathway passes through the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, which are parts of the basal ganglia.

Globus pallidus ( lower left ) and putamen ( upper right ).

These μ-binding sites are discretely distributed in the human brain, with high densities in the posterior amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, nucleus caudatus, putamen, and certain cortical areas.

The following diseases and disorders are linked with the putamen:

The putamen and caudate nucleus are also collectively called the corpus striatum after their striped appearance.

Calcifications in the caudate, dentate nuclei, putamen and thalami are also common.

The lesions caused by asphyxia are most prominent on the caudate nucleus and the putamen.

The cells of the indirect pathway in the caudate and putamen that receive these signals are inhibitory and, once activated, they send inhibitory signals to the globus pallidus externus, reducing the activity in that nucleus.

Other regions that are involved include the caudate, which is severely affected, the dorsomedial region of the putamen, the globus pallidus, and locus cerulus.

The lateral and largest part is of a reddish color, and is known as the putamen, while the medial and intermediate are of a yellowish tint, and together constitute the globus pallidus ; all three are marked by fine radiating white fibers, which are most distinct in the putamen.

These VRS are localized primarily in the putamen and temporal subcortical white matter and they appear to correlate with age of the individual with the condition rather than severity of the disease itself.

The putamen also plays a role in degenerative neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.

The SNpr also obtains input from the putamen and caudate.

The putamen also plays a role in modulation of other neurotransmitters.

Some neurologists hypothesize that the putamen also plays a role in the selection of movement ( e. g. Tourette Syndrome ) and the " automatic " performance of previously learned movements ( e. g. Parkinson's disease ).

" This not only shows that the putamen affects movement but it also shows that the putamen integrates with other structures in order to perform tasks.

Along with various types of movement, the putamen also affects reinforcement learning and implicit learning.

Studies using positron emission tomography ( PET ) in living human subjects have shown a significant age-related decline in dopamine synthesis, notably in the striatum and extrastriatal regions ( excluding the midbrain ).< ref > Significant age-related decreases in dopamine receptors D < sub > 1 </ sub >, D < sub > 2 </ sub >, and D < sub > 3 </ sub > have also been highly reported .< ref name =" wang "> A general decrease in D < sub > 1 </ sub > and D < sub > 2 </ sub > receptors has been shown, and more specifically a decrease of D < sub > 1 </ sub > and D < sub > 2 </ sub > receptor binding in the caudate nucleus and putamen.

Postmortem studies also show that the number of D < sub > 1 </ sub > and D < sub > 2 </ sub > receptors decline with age in both the caudate nucleus and the putamen, although the ratio of these receptors did not show age-related changes.

The putamen is also part of the basal ganglia and can be involved in hemiballismus due to the fact that it projects to the premotor cortex through the globus pallidus.

Antipsychotic medications block dopamine D2 receptors in the caudate and putamen as well as in limbic target areas, they can also block or partially block serotonin.

AMPT ’ s role in addiction has also been studied via changes in dopamine binding to D2 and D3 receptors in the striatum ( caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum ) after the administration of AMPT.