In these cases, the stapes either is also missing or, in the absence of an eardrum, connects to the quadrate bone in the skull, although, it is presumed, it still has some ability to transmit vibrations to the inner ear.

The quadrate bones are also elongated, but not as much, while both are capable of moving freely so that when they swing sideways to their maximum extent, the distance between the hinges of the lower jaw is greatly increased.

The malleus is derived from the articular ( a lower jaw bone ) while the incus is derived from the quadrate ( a cranial bone ).

In forms transitional to mammals, the jaw joint is composed of a large, lower jaw bone ( similar to the dentary found in mammals ) that does not connect to the squamosal, but connects to the quadrate with a receding articular bone.

This is made possible by a loose connection between the quadrate and its neighboring bones.

Furthermore, the primitive reptilian jaw joint between the articular and quadrate bones, which in modern mammals has moved into the middle ear and become part of the ear ossicles as malleus and incus, is still to be found in Morganucodon.

An ordinary with a square boss is called quadrate or, more fully, nowy quadrate.

It is also known after Achille-Louis Foville as the quadrate lobule of Foville.

The quadrate bone is part of a skull in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids ( reptiles, birds ), and early synapsids.

The reflected lamina is found on the articular bone, which connects to the quadrate bone of the skull to form the jaw joint.

The palatine bone and pterygoid are long and parallel to the axis of the skull, the latter diverging behind and extending to the quadrate or to the articular extremity of the mandible ; the pterygoid is connected with the maxillary by the ectopterygoid or transverse bone, which may be very long, and the maxillary often emits a process towards the palatine, the latter bone being usually produced inwards and upwards towards the anterior extremity of the basisphenoid.

The skull is primitive and inflexible, with a short vertical quadrate bone and rigid jaws ; the coronoid bone is still present in the lower jaw.

Nowy and quadrate are usually applied only to the cross, saltire, pale, fess and bend.

In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very mobile, and contributes greatly to their ability to swallow very large prey items.

Underside, fore wing: white, slightly irrorated with black scales at base of cell and along costa, apex light ochraceous brown ; a large black spot in outer half of interspace 1, and another quadrate black spot at base of interspace 3.

A large hole may be present between the frontal bones and the basisphenoid ( Psammophis, Coelopeltis ); the maxillary may be much abbreviated and movable vertically, as in the Viperidae ; the pterygoids may taper and converge posteriorly, without any connection with the quadrate, as in the Amblycephalidae ; the supratemporal may be much reduced, and wedged in between the adjacent bones of the cranium ; the quadrate may be short or extremely large ; the prefrontals may join in a median suture in front of the frontals ; the dentary may be freely movable, and detached from the articular posteriorly.

::::* Quadrate longer than supratemporal ; maxillary much longer than quadrate, nearly straight in front of prefrontal ; a large vacuity between the frontal bones and the basisphenoid: Coelopeltis.

In contrast, all other jawed vertebrates, including reptiles and nonmammalian synapsids, possess a jaw joint in which one of the smaller bones of the lower jaw, the articular, makes a connection with a bone of the cranium called the quadrate to form the articular-quadrate jaw joint.

* I. Quadrate articulating with the cranium, supratemporal absent ; mandible much shorter than the skull, with coronoid bone ; maxillary small, on lower aspect of cranium ; pterygoids not extending to quadrate ; nasals forming long sutures with the premaxillary, prefrontals, and frontal: Typhlops.

Red B: the joint between the quadrate and the supratemporal.

Quadrate suspended from the supratemporal ; mandible at least as long as the skull ; pterygoids extending to quadrate or mandible.

::::* Quadrate not longer than supratemporal ; maxillary little longer than quadrate, strongly curved in front of prefrontal: Macroprotodon

::::* Quadrate longer than supratemporal ; maxillary little longer than quadrate, nearly straight in front of prefrontal: Tarbophis

The quadrate and the maxillary and palatopterygoid arches are more or less movable to allow for the distension required by the passage of prey, often much exceeding the size of the mouth.

However, a consensus accepted by most scientists states that mammals as a group are defined by the possession of a special, secondarily evolved jaw joint between the dentary and the squamosal bones, which has replaced the primitive reptilian one between the articular and quadrate bones in all modern mammalian groups.

It has a primitive pelvis and shoulder, and primitive skull details in the quadratojugal, squamosal, quadrate, jugal, and mandibular fenestra ( in the cheek, jaw, and jaw joint ).

The word `` mimesis '' ( `` imitation '' ) is usually associated with Plato and Aristotle.

The party is usually in a room small enough so that all guests are within sight and hearing of one another.

It will readily be seen that in this suggested network ( not materially different from some of the networks in vogue today ) greater emphasis on monitoring is implied than is usually put into practice.

One is so accustomed to think of men as the privileged who need but ask and receive, and women as submissive and yielding, that our sympathies are usually enlisted on the side of the man whose love is not returned, and we condemn the woman as a coquette.

usually, this is most exasperating to men, who expect every woman to verify their preconceived notions concerning her sex, and when she does not, immediately condemn her as eccentric and unwomanly.

What evidence is available would seem to indicate that Brooks, unlike his older brother Henry, had most of the methodological vices usually found in the amateur.

He is usually something of an underdog, he must battle the organized police force as well as recognized criminals.

he usually draws some kind of comparison with the jazz tradition and the poem he is reading -- for instance, he draws the parallel between a poem he reads about an Oriental courtesan waiting for the man she loves, and who never comes, and the old blues chants of Ma Rainy and other Negro singers -- but usually the comparison is specious.

This is a common symptom and the cause usually is pressure on the nerve leading to the affected hand.

if the Government certifies that production may be possible from the property, the royalty obligation continues for the 10-year period usually specified in the contract or until the Government's contribution is repaid with interest.

These roads are largely of less than highway standards, and usually carry traffic which is related to use of the National Forests.

April 15 is usually the final date for filing income tax returns for most people because they use the calendar year ending on December 31.

Much of this necessary increase in research and development, though properly chargeable to current expenses, is not reflected in earnings until projects are completed and the new machines sold in quantity, usually over a period of several years.

Sometimes it is necessary to roughly calculate the square inch area of the opening but the calculation can usually be made with sufficient accuracy that it won't affect the final computation.

Enough daylight is usually available from the windows, but if you have synchronized flash -- use it.

The size of the press is usually expressed in terms of chuck capacity ( the maximum diameter tool shank it will hold ) or distance between the spindle center and the column.

We know now that a 15-degree differential in temperature is the maximum usually desirable, and accurate controls assure the comfort we want.

It is usually helpful to make a sketch map in the field, showing the size and location of the features of interest and to take photographs at the site.

A body of water is usually the center of interest at parks which attract the greatest picnic and camping use.