In evolutionary psychology this may be applied to a wide range of human behaviors such as charity, emergency aid, help to coalition partners, tipping, courtship gifts, production of public goods, and environmentalism.

Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary relationships among taxonomic groups.

Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms, and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism, not just his own ideas.

# As populations began to migrate, the evolutionary constraint keeping skin dark decreased proportionally to the distance North a population migrated, resulting in a range of skin tones within northern populations.

Possible evolutionary explanations for survival beyond reproductive maturation range from the non-adaptive to the adaptive.

This variation provides the basis for a range of studies in what might be called evolutionary cytology.

" " the whole range of evolutionary time we see general advance — improvement in all the main properties of life, including its general organization.

This variation provides the basis for a range of studies in evolutionary cytology.

Devil's Claw may be an example of an evolutionary anachronism, in which the range and renewal of the species is limited due to the extinction of the mammallian megafauna responsible for seed dispersal.

Scientific research work on birds has been conducted on all continents, and the major research themes of the EGI, population and evolutionary ecology of birds, have been supplemented by a very wide range of research activities.

The species is notable for its very constant morphology and low genetic variation throughout its range, suggesting it has been through a near extinction in its recent evolutionary history.

Skinks are at the extreme edge of their habitat range in Canada, which makes it an area of special interest to ecologists, as extreme conditions place unique evolutionary pressures upon species.

Major themes of this range of philosophies and teachings include a synthesis of science and religion, evolutionary spirituality, and holistic programs of development for the body, mind, soul, and spirit.

The R-1 was quickly followed by an evolutionary improvement, the R-2 ( SS-2 ), which had a longer range and at least four major differences in design.

This massive stellar census will provide the basic observational data to tackle a wide range of important problems related to the origin, structure, and evolutionary history of our Galaxy.

Understanding dispersal and the consequences both for evolutionary strategies at a species level, and for processes at an ecosystem level, requires understanding on the type of dispersal, the dispersal range of a given species, and the dispersal mechanisms involved.

To formulate a comprehensive theory of the nature of early attachments, Bowlby explored a range of fields, including evolutionary biology, object relations theory ( a branch of psychoanalysis ), control systems theory, and the fields of ethology and cognitive psychology.

Areoles have clearly contributed largely to the evolutionary success of the Cactaceae throughout the range of the family, and account for the diversification seen in the many species today.

In biogeography, paleontology, and other disciplines concerned with the evolutionary history of plants and animals, a relict population is one found to naturally occur in a restricted area but whose original range was much larger in a previous geologic epoch.

His answer falls into two parts: first, these beliefs have in common a counterintuitive attribution of a certain range of properties to certain kinds of quasihuman being ; second, the explanation of their diffusion and persistence is to be sought not in the extensive anthropological literature about the origins and functions of religion, but in recent advances in developmental, cognitive and evolutionary psychology.

According to these researchers, who compare both the accuracy and reliability of the Zhivotovsky evolutionary mutation rate ( 6. 9 x 10-4 per locus per generation ) with a genealogical rate ( 2. 1 x 10-3 per locus per generation ): " We found that " evolutionary " estimates of most clusters fall far outside the range of the respective linguistic dates, while " genealogical " estimates gave a good fit with the linguistic dates.

These range from attempts at the state level to undermine or remove altogether the presence of evolutionary theory from the public school classroom, to having the federal government mandate the teaching of intelligent design, to ' stacking ' municipal, county and state school boards with ID proponents.

Darwinism became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas.

Academic work in conspiracy theories and conspiracism ( a world view that places conspiracy theories centrally in the unfolding of history ) presents a range of hypotheses as a basis of studying the genre.

) The most influential modern theories favor either a march up the valley of the Drôme and a crossing of the main range to the south of the modern highway over the Col de Montgenèvre or a march farther north up the valleys of the Isere and Arc crossing the main range near the present Col de Mont Cenis or the Little St Bernard Pass.

Since the inception of the theories, various studies have expanded the range of possible cycles, finding longer or shorter cycles in the data.

We are in a similar position to the one found in medicine in the mid-19th century where a range of opinions and theories vied for position.

A range of proposed aether-dragging theories could explain the null result but these were more complex, and tended to use arbitrary-looking coefficients and physical assumptions.

A range of theories of language acquisition have been proposed in order to explain this apparent problem.

The causes of mental disorders are varied and in some cases unclear, and theories may incorporate findings from a range of fields.

These theories were later expanded and modified to explain a wider range of phenomena, especially conversions to new religious movements ( NRMs ).

There is not a complete agreement on what is meant by neoclassical economics, and the result is a wide range of neoclassical approaches to various problem areas and domains — ranging from neoclassical theories of labor to neoclassical theories of demographic changes.

From the basic assumptions of neoclassical economics comes a wide range of theories about various areas of economic activity.

A small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture and / or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably Raoul Eshelman ( performatism ), Gilles Lipovetsky ( hypermodernity ), Nicolas Bourriaud ( Altermodern ), and Alan Kirby ( digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism ).

The term " state " refers to a set of different, but interrelated and often overlapping, theories about a certain range of political phenomena.

Scientific research — whether to launch or test out new theories, to innovate or to pave the way for discoveries across a wide range of disciplines — became part of the increased expectations placed on the university.

Fundamentalism is a movement, rather than a denomination or a systematic theology, which gained ascendance after the release of a ten-volume set of essays, apologetic and polemic, written by many well-known conservative Protestant theologians to defend what they saw as Protestant orthodoxy — covering a wide range of topics, from defenses of the Divinity of Jesus Christ, his Virgin Birth, of the historicity of Biblical narratives, Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch, and of Biblical inerrancy against the prevalent higher-critical theories of the day, to the falsity of theological systems such as Christian Science, " Millennial Dawnism ", Mormonism, to the errors of " Romanism "— over the course of 1910-1915, called The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth, from which the movement receives its eponymous name.

There are other theories, from a sudden death to a range of legends that talk of Orosius ’ s final arrival in Hispania and his founding of a monastery near to Cabo de Palos where he ended his days, although this latter idea now seems improbable.

The exact cause of this hearing loss is unclear, though theories range from Brian's simply being born partially deaf, to a blow to the head from Brian's father, or a neighborhood bully, being to blame.

Social Constructivism encompasses a broad range of theories that aim to address questions of ontology, such as the Structure and agency debate, as well as questions of epistemology, such as the " material / ideational " debate that concerns the relative role of material forces versus ideas.

* Most of the situational / contingency and functional theories assume that leaders can change their behavior to meet differing circumstances or widen their behavioral range at will, when in practice many find it hard to do so because of unconscious beliefs, fears or ingrained habits.

Alternative theories of gravity, such as Brans-Dicke theory, have a fifth force — possibly with infinite range.

From its beginning in topology, this idea became a dominant method in the mathematics of the second half of the twentieth century ; from the initial idea of homology as a topologically invariant relation on chains, the range of applications of homology and cohomology theories has spread out over geometry and abstract algebra.

Good theories consist of just one problem-solving strategy, or a small family of problem-solving strategies, that can be applied to a wide range of problems.