-- Although there was some variation in results which must be attributed either to trace impurities or to variation in wall effects, the photochemical exchange in the gas phase was sufficiently reproducible so that it seemed meaningful to compare the reaction rates in different series of reaction tubes for the purpose of obtaining information on the effect of chlorine concentration and of carbon tetrachloride concentration on the reaction rate.

It might be called the `` public utility '' type because of the considerable use to which it has been put in gas and electric utility rate cases.

The simplest division, and the one most frequently used ( with subdivisions ) in gas and electric rate cases, is a threefold division of the total operating and capital costs into `` customer costs '', `` energy '' or `` volumetric costs '', and `` demand '' or `` capacity '' costs.

When clouds are present, the loss rate of SO < sub > 2 </ sub > is faster than can be explained by gas phase chemistry alone.

Calcium metal reacts with water, evolving hydrogen gas at a rate rapid enough to be noticeable, but not fast enough at room temperature to generate much heat.

In this way the particularly strong triple bond in nitrogen is weakened and the hydrogen and nitrogen atoms combine faster than would be the case in the gas phase, so the rate of reaction increases.

The exchange rate of a gas across a fluid membrane can be determined by using this law together with Graham's law.

Isolated galaxies can produce stars at a higher rate than normal, as their gas is not being stripped by other nearby galaxies.

GWP is based on a number of factors, including the radiative efficiency ( infrared-absorbing ability ) of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide, as well as the decay rate of each gas ( the amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years ) relative to that of carbon dioxide.

* 1932 – The Revenue Act of 1932 is enacted, creating the first gas tax in the United States, at a rate of 1 cent per US gallon ( 1 / 4 ¢/ L ) sold.

This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the filament loses heat to the surrounding gas, and therefore on the thermal conductivity.

This is studied in chemical thermodynamics, which sets limits on quantities like how far a reaction can proceed, or how much energy can be converted into work in a combustion engine and which provides links between properties like the thermal expansion coefficient and change of rate in entropy with pressure for a gas or a liquid.

Constant flow scuba sets do not have a demand regulator ; the breathing gas flows at a constant rate, unless the diver switches it on and off by hand.

The gas endurance of open circuit demand scuba depends on factors such as the capacity ( volume of gas ) in the diving cylinder, the depth of the dive and the breathing rate of the diver, which is dependent on exertion, fitness, physical size of the diver, and experience among other factors.

An open circuit diver whose breathing rate at the surface ( atmospheric pressure ) is 15 litres per minute will consume 3 x 15 = 45 litres of gas per minute at 20 metres.

In effect, helium is a faster gas to saturate and desaturate, which is a distinct advantage in saturation diving, but less so in bounce diving, where the increased rate of off-gassing is largely counterbalanced by the equivalently increased rate of on-gassing.

The gas is injected tangentially into a chamber with special geometry that further increases its rotation to a very high rate, causing the isotopes to separate.

where A is the frequency factor for the reaction, R is the universal gas constant, T is the temperature ( in kelvins ), and k is the reaction rate coefficient.

It is estimated that at the rate local gas reserves are being exploited, the reserves in Kościan will be enough for about 20 years of operation, thus practically allowing for local independence against the effects of gas crises.

Therefore, for the same cooling load, a gas refrigeration cycle needs a large mass flow rate and is bulky.

The gaseous phase no longer exerts significant pressure on the substance to be evaporated, and consequently, rate of evaporation no longer depends on pressure.

The spreading rate then dropped off, with the decrease occurring around 63 Myr ago, by which time the main phase of Deccan volcanism ended.

During phase transitions, the heat flow required to maintain this heating or cooling rate will change.

While thermodynamic equilibrium determines the theoretical extent of a given mass transfer operation, the actual rate of mass transfer will depend on additional factors including the flow patterns within the system and the diffusivities of the species in each phase.

The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space.

* acute phase reactants: 1 point for elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR, or elevated CRP value ( c-reactive protein )

The toxic phase is fatal in approximately 20 % of cases, making the overall fatality rate for the disease 3 % ( 15-20 %).

This meant that each circuit was actually operating at a slightly different rate and with different phase.

An awkward but unfortunately wide-spread explanation is that the stationary phase results from a situation in which growth rate and death rate have the same values ( newly formed cells per time = dying cells per time ); but this is not logical, and it is better to forget this.

The cells do not reproduce in synchrony without explicit and continual prompting ( as in experiments with stalked bacteria ) and their exponential phase growth is often not ever a constant rate, but instead a slowly decaying rate, a constant stochastic response to pressures both to reproduce and to go dormant in the face of declining nutrient concentrations and increasing waste concentrations.

In comparison to batch culture, bacteria are maintained in exponential growth phase, and the growth rate of the bacteria is known.

In the case of an equilibrium solid, such as a crystal, this can be defined as the pressure when the rate of sublimation of a solid matches the rate of deposition of its vapor phase.

When such a system is driven by a quasi-sinusoidal signal, ( a sinusoid with a slowly changing amplitude envelope, relative to the rate of change of phase,, of the sinusoid ),

The rate of change of the total phase shift with respect to angular frequency,

Manchester encoding is a special case of binary phase-shift keying ( BPSK ), where the data controls the phase of a square wave carrier whose frequency is the data rate.

In that case, the homodyne mixer translates the signal frequencies by ( A + B )/ 2, with a synchronized phase, which moves the highest component to ( B − A )/ 2 and the Nyquist rate to just ( B − A ).

In the case of partially polarized radiation, the Jones vector varies in time and space in a way that differs from the constant rate of phase rotation of monochromatic, purely polarized waves.

The deposit of rupees to the account of the Government of the United States of America in payment for the commodities and for ocean transportation costs financed by the Government of the United States of America ( except excess costs resulting from the requirement that United States flag vessels be used ) shall be made at the rate of exchange for United States dollars generally applicable to import transactions ( excluding imports granted a preferential rate ) in effect on the dates of dollar disbursement by United States banks, or by the Government of the United States of America, as provided in the purchase authorizations.

The last column shows the rate of exchange that would have been observed at a relative intensity of 4 ( 14.7 cm. distance ) calculated on the assumptions that the incident light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the lamp from the cell and that the rate is directly proportional to the incident light intensity.

Therefore, the third principle of the plan must be that it does not depend for effectiveness on engagement by the same types, unless at an assured favorable exchange rate.

text: Armenian dram exchange rate per USD

The AMD / USD exchange rate depreciated by 6. 1 percent in the first three quarters of 2010 compared to the same period in 2009, before it began to show the expected end-of-the-year appreciation.

GDP ( official exchange rate ): $ 462. 2 million ( 2005 )

But more complicated foreign exchange arbitrages, such as the spot-forward arbitrage ( see interest rate parity ) are much more common.

After the charge of monetary and exchange rate policies was shifted in 1998 to the European Central Bank, within the European institutional framework, the bank implements the decisions, issues euro banknotes and withdraws and destroys worn pieces.

It tried to keep a fixed exchange rate, and attempted to deal with inflation and sterling weakness by credit and exchange controls.

Bunge & Born provided the Menem government with its first two economy ministers, and the combination of large rate increases on public services ( around 500 %), a simplified exchange rate and a massive, mandatory wage hike led to a sharp economic turnaround between July and November 1989.

This is likely to have exchange rate implications: a sharp loss of value in the deficit economy ’ s exchange rate with the surplus economy ’ s currency will change the relative price of tradable goods, and facilitate a return to balance or ( more likely ) an over-shooting into surplus the other direction.

exchange rate from 2003 ).

However, in October 2004, the Cuban government announced an end to this policy: from November US dollars would no longer be legal tender in Cuba, but would instead be exchanged for convertible pesos ( since April 2005 at the exchange rate of $ 1. 08 ) with a 10 % tax payable to the state on the exchange of US dollars cash — though not on other forms of exchange.

On 1 January 2008, the country entered the eurozone and adopted the euro as its official currency, replacing the Cypriot pound at an irrevocable fixed exchange rate of CYP 0. 585274 per EUR 1. 00.