The delay between application of the pulse and detection of the ion allows for the computation of a mass-to-charge ratio.

The duty cycle D is defined as the ratio between the pulse duration () and the period () of a rectangular waveform

In another more sophisticated version developed by the Good brothers called TTPW, information was encoded by varying the signal's mark / space ratio ( pulse proportional ).

It is the ratio of specific heats of a gas at a constant-pressure to a gas at a constant-volume (), and arises because a classical sound wave induces an adiabatic compression, in which the heat of the compression does not have enough time to escape the pressure pulse, and thus contributes to the pressure induced by the compression.

According to a meta analysis, the most useful findings for ruling in aortic stenosis in the clinical setting were slow rate of rise of the carotid pulse ( positive likelihood ratio ranged 2. 8 – 130 across studies ), mid to late peak intensity of the murmur ( positive likelihood ratio, 8. 0 – 101 ), and decreased intensity of the second heart sound ( positive likelihood ratio, 3. 1 – 50 ).

A typical sampling pulse of 1 ns width and a 1Msamples ADC and a signal-to-noise ratio of 100 means that the analog signal has to be suppressed by a factor of 100000 ( low leakage ).

The double exhaust pulse would cause part of the next exhaust pulse in that bank to not exit that cylinder completely and cause either a detonation ( because of a high air-fuel ratio ( AFR )), or a misfire due to a low AFR, depending on how much of the double pulse was left and what the mixture of that pulse was.

When a pulse is launched into the microstrip by the transmitter, its amplitude depends on the ratio of the impedances of the transmitter and the microstrip.

If we change the shape of the pulse in a specially-designed way, the signal-to-noise ratio and the distance resolution can be even improved after matched filtering: this is a technique known as pulse compression.

The terms in and describe the walk-off of the pulse ; the coefficient is the ratio of the component of the group velocity and the unit vector in the direction of propagation of the pulse ( z-axis ).

The shape of the pulse wave is defined by its duty cycle D, which is the ratio between the pulse duration () and the period ( T )

The effects of a series of different cooling times can be seen if a hypothetical sample which contains sodium, uranium and cobalt in a 100: 10: 1 ratio was subjected to a very short pulse of thermal neutrons.

where is the signal intensity without the diffusion weighting, is the signal with the gradient, is the gyromagnetic ratio, is the strength of the gradient pulse, is the duration of the pulse, is the time between the two pulses, and finally, is the diffusion-coefficient.

Second, managers construct leveraged portfolios of AAA-or AA-rated tax-exempt municipal bonds with the duration risk hedged by shorting the appropriate ratio of taxable corporate bonds.

These factors can also cause hydrocodone and related drugs to have a threshold effect, cause significant lengthening or shortening of the duration of effects in the absence of tolerance, and increase or decrease the de facto conversion ratio between hydrocodone and other drugs like morphine, hydromorphone, and synthetics like levorphanol and methadone.

In case breath sample analysis is done using isotope ratio mass spectrometry, a 2-point sampling is required with a 20 to 30-minute duration between them.

The ratio of ( a ) the maximum power, integrated over a specified time interval, such as 15 or 30 minutes, and usually expressed in kilowatts, consumed by a system, to ( b ) the maximum volt-amperes, expressed in kilovolt-amperes if the power is expressed in kilowatts, integrated over a time interval of the same duration, though not necessarily during the same interval.

In a periodic event, duty cycle is the ratio of the duration of the event to the total period of a signal.

Variations usually achieved as the result of different method and duration of fermentation, different on ratio of water, salt and fermented soy, different thickness or viscosity, as well as addition of other ingredients.

Even for longer duration or more invasive procedures, a general anesthetic may be administered without intubating the trachea, provided that patients are carefully selected, and the risk-benefit ratio is favorable ( i. e., the risks associated with an unprotected airway are believed to be less than the risks of intubating the trachea ).

Tanks vented to only permit air to enter at the outside edge (" uniflow " tanks ) provide constant fuel pressure over the duration of the flight and a constant mixture ratio.

Since the transmission ratio has to be changed within less than one full rotation of the variator pulley, a large force has to be applied on the pulley halves within a very short duration.

In June 2012 SpaceX stated that the engine had completed a full mission duration test firing of 185 seconds delivering of thrust and also confirming the expected thrust-to-weight ratio exceeding 150.

The Hyper Pak consisted of a very-long-ram intake manifold meant to accept a Carter AFB 4-barrel carburetor, the AFB carburetor itself and an appropriate air cleaner, dual ( front-3 and rear-3 ) cast-iron exhaust headers, a large-diameter exhaust Y-pipe to connect to these dual cast-iron headers, a larger muffler, a 276 °- duration camshaft with appropriate valve springs and pushrods, a heavier-duty clutch, a manual choke control, a starter motor modification template and, in the full-race version of the package, high-compression pistons designed to increase the engine's compression ratio to 10. 5 from the stock 8. 5.

Pyramid schemes with a long duration of operation would typically provide a high Sharpe ratio when derived from reported returns, but the inputs are false.

A distributive ratio is established by dividing the duration of Plan participation ( in months ) by the duration of the marriage only while a member of said plan ( in months ).

These factors include access to more moisture ( which raises precipitation amounts ), slower system movement ( which increases snowfall duration ), and colder temperatures ( which increases the snow to water ratio ).

For the stock market as a whole, the modified duration is simply the price / dividend ratio, which for the S & P 500 was about 62 in February 2004.

With twin Hitachi sidedraft carburetors, a longer duration camshaft and 10: 1 compression ratio, the engine accomplished @ 6400 rpm, up 20 % from standard A12 engines.

Whilst the case has been made for clocking in the ADC environment, where it removes one source of error, namely the ratio between the impulse duration and the summing interval, it is deeply unclear what useful purpose clocking serves in a single channel transmission environment since it is a source of both noise and complexity but it is conceivable that it would be useful in a TDM ( time division multiplex ) environment.

This can include format, media type, duration, file size, data rate, aspect ratio, frame rate, and many other aspects of the media object.

* Controlling the effective compression ratio: A variable duration VVA system on intake can control the point at which the intake valve closes.

In April, 1950, an engine with larger carburettors, inlet camshaft the same as the exhaust ( increased duration ) & higher compression ratio pistons ( 8. 16: 1 ) was " offered optionally ", as Aston Martin's first Vantage upgrade.

The goal ratio is currently, during a two year period, to have 3 in North America, 2 in Europe and 1 in Asia.

Kepler also found a formula relating the size of each planet ’ s orb to the length of its orbital period: from inner to outer planets, the ratio of increase in orbital period is twice the difference in orb radius.

# For a given orbit, the ratio of the cube of its semi-major axis to the square of its period is constant.

Mean income disparity ratio for Chinese / Malays rose from 2. 1 in 1957 / 58 to 2. 3 in 1970, whereas for Indians / Malays the disparity ratio also rose from 1. 7 to 1. 8 in the same period.

When the temperature stays near the threshold during the temperature sensitive period, the sex ratio is varied between the two sexes.

Within an overall framework of poverty reduction, the HIPC Initiative was expected to enable the country to reduce its debt service ratio to 5. 5 % in 2003, and remain at around 5 % throughout the projection period 2000 – 19.

By inputting data on the ratio of stable isotopes < sup > 18 </ sup > O :< sup > 16 </ sup > O into computer models, it has been shown that in conjunction with quick-weathering of volcanic rock, this increased rainfall may have reduced greenhouse gas levels to below the threshold required to trigger the period of extreme glaciation known as Snowball Earth.

Here the ratio of rotation period to orbital period is some well-defined fraction different from 1: 1.

According to the Social Security trustees, continuing payroll tax revenues at the rate of 12. 4 % will enable Social Security to pay about 74 % of promised benefits during the 2040s, with this ratio falling to about 70 % by the end of the forecast period in 2080.

# The maternal mortality ratio, the number of maternal deaths per 100, 000 live births in same time period.

* Load factor, expressed as a ratio of average load to peak load over a period of time.

A historical and organizational study of accounting partnerships in The Netherlands over the period 1890-1990 showed that partnerships benefit greatly from supplementing partners with associates ( the ratio of partners to associates refers to " leverage ' and greatly impacts the partnerships survival odds, but only partners as so called residual claimants are liable for the conduct and performance of the partnership as firm ).

During the period between the decline in youth dependency and rise in old age dependency there is a demographic window of opportunity that can potentially produce economic growth through an increase in the ratio of working age to dependent population ; the demographic dividend.

The calculated cost of goods on hand at the end of a period is the ratio of cost of goods acquired to the retail value of the goods times the retail value of goods on hand.

The ratio of the high period to the total period of a square wave is called the duty cycle.

For example, the ratio of the length and width of hand axes is fairly consistent across hand axes from this period.

The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan stated that this ratio remained unchanged during the period covered by this report.