But rational, Enlightenment thinking led to a more systematic approach to accumulation and study.

More formally, it is " the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers.

Number theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of objects made out of integers ( e. g., rational numbers ) or defined as generalizations of the integers ( e. g., algebraic integers ).

One may also study real numbers in relation to rational numbers, e. g., as approximated by the latter ( diophantine approximation ).

Theology ( from Ancient Greek meaning " God " and ,-logy, meaning " study of ") is the systematic and rational study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truths, or the learned profession acquired by completing specialized training in religious studies, usually at a university or school of divinity or seminary.

* In scholastic Latin sources, the term came to denote the rational study of the doctrines of the Christian religion, or ( more precisely ) the academic discipline which investigated the coherence and implications of the language and claims of the Bible and of the theological tradition ( the latter often as represented in Peter Lombard's Sentences, a book of extracts from the Church Fathers ).

* It is in this last sense, theology as an academic discipline involving rational study of Christian teaching, that the term passed into English in the fourteenth century, though it could also be used in the narrower sense found in Boethius and the Greek patristic authors, to mean rational study of the essential nature of God – a discourse now sometimes called Theology Proper.

It implies in the first place a broad, generous sympathy with every form of honest, rational and disinterested study or research.

His writings expose traditional themes of Stoic philosophy: the universe is governed for the best by a rational providence ; contentment is achieved through a simple, unperturbed life in accordance with nature and duty to the state ; human suffering should be accepted and has a beneficial effect on the soul ; study and learning are important.

Together, Taylor and Gantt launched the study of the deliberate, rational organization of work in the context of manufacturing.

The invention of the typewriter and the copier helped spread the study of the rational organization of labor from the manufacturing shop floor to the office.

Hunter, unlike his contemporaries … sought the reason for each phenomenon ), but because it afforded him the opportunity, given his empirical rather than rational bent, to study his main interest-life, in all its forms.

While ideally most citizens would spend the time to adequately study party platforms, history and de-construct their campaigns to see if what they say represents what they will do and if it represents the important elements of their agendas, many citizens do not invest the time nor have the inclination to do so ( see rational ignorance ).

Scientists on the ground will use X-ray crystallography to study each protein's three-dimensional structure which, when determined, may aid in controlling each protein's activity through rational drug design.

He did know French, of course, and some Latin, was generally a quick study, and was motivated by a highly rational fear in a theater of that war that had often proven a meat-grinder.

The theory of quadratic forms and methods used in their study depend in a large measure on the nature of the coefficients, which may be real or complex numbers, rational numbers, or integers.

Fields are important objects of study in algebra since they provide a useful generalization of many number systems, such as the rational numbers, real numbers, and complex numbers.

Some of the topics addressed in lecture and publication by the society included: the promotion of the scientific study of sex ; a more rational attitude towards sexual conduct and problems and questions connected with sexual psychology ( from medical, juridical, and sociological aspects ), birth control, abortion, sterilization, venereal diseases, and all aspects of prostitution.

Abbreviated as the " Antarctic Seals " agreement, the convention had the objective to promote and achieve the protection, scientific study, and rational use of Antarctic seals, and to maintain a satisfactory balance within the ecological system of Antarctica.

Its Objective is to further international collaboration within the framework of the Antarctic Treaty to promote and achieve the objectives of protection, scientific study, and rational use of these fauna and flora.

The ancient history of Asia Minor is very important for the history of the Western civilization because it was the region where the mythic way of thought changed gradually to the rational way of thought.

Michael Rowan-Robinson emphasizes the importance of the Copernican principle: " It is evident that in the post-Copernican era of human history, no well-informed and rational person can imagine that the Earth occupies a unique position in the universe.

* G. W. F. Hegel: Emphasized the " cunning " of history, arguing that it followed a rational trajectory, even while embodying seemingly irrational forces ; influenced Marx, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Oakeshott.

Comte believed human history would progress in a " law of three stages " from a theological phase, to the " metaphysical ", toward a fully rational " positivist " society.

Second, only with this postulate is a rational interpretation of history possible, and we are justified in seeking — as scientists we must seek — such a rational interpretation.

It narrates the history of civilization as one of progress in the sciences, shows the intimate connection between scientific progress and the development of human rights and justice, and outlines the features of a future rational society entirely shaped by scientific knowledge.

According to Hegel, "... the only thought which Philosophy brings with it to the contemplation of History, is the simple conception of reason ; that reason is the Sovereign of the World ; that the history of the world, therefore, presents us with a rational process.

For Hegel, the whole of history is one tremendous dialectic, major stages of which chart a progression from self-alienation as slavery to self-unification and realization as the rational, constitutional state of free and equal citizens.

As an advocate of a free and united Germany, Arnold Ruge shared Hegel's belief that history is a progressive advance towards the realization of freedom, and that freedom is attained in the State, the creation of the rational General Will.

" Marx's theory follows a materialist law of history and space, where the development of the productive forces is seen as the primary motive force for historical change, and according to which the social and material contradictions inherent to capitalism will inevitably lead to its negation, thereby replacing capitalism with a new rational form of society: communism.

There is a lot of what would later be called " Whig history " in the Commentaries ; the easy and contradictory assurance that England's current political settlement represented the optimal state of rational and just government, while claiming simultaneously that this optimal state was an ideal that had always existed in the past, despite the many struggles in England's actual history between overreaching kings and wayward Parliaments.

Buddhism has been described by some as rational and non-dogmatic, and there is evidence that this has been the case from the earliest period of its history, though some have suggested this aspect is given greater emphasis in modern times and is in part a reinterpretation.

To paraphrase one of the most outspoken rational choice theory critics, Japan scholar Chalmers Johnson: Why do you need to know Japanese or anything about Japan's history and culture if the methods of rational choice will explain why Japanese politicians and bureaucrats do the things they do?

Following Hegel and Collingwood he offers a " philosophical history " ( which he distinguishes from both analytical and phenomenological approaches to philosophy ) in which he concedes from the beginning that " there are no neutral standards available by appeal to which any rational agent whatsoever could determine " the conclusions of moral philosophy.

The well-known " End of History " thesis advanced the idea that ideological history in a limited sense had ended with the French Revolution and the regime of Napoleon and that there was no longer a need for violent struggle to establish the " rational supremacy of the regime of rights and equal recognition.

Thus, with Kant's rational system, history becomes totally contingent and is thus ignored.

“ Ruge shared Hegel's belief that history is a progressive advance towards the realization of freedom, and that freedom is attained in the State, the creation of the rational General Will .[...

Consequently, we must interpret history in rational terms, and throw the succession of events into logical categories and this interpretation is, for Hegel, a mere inference from actual history.

Given that both A and not-A are seen to be “ true ,” Kant concludes that it ’ s not that “ God doesn ’ t exist ” but that there is something wrong with how we are asking questions about God and how we have been using our rational faculties to talk about universals ever since Plato got us started on this track!

Mervyn King, governor of the Bank of England, once noted that it may not be rational to start a bank run, but it is rational to participate in one once it had started.

In Germany, " the modern way " or devotionalism caught on in the universities, requiring a redefinition of God, who was no longer a rational governing principle but an arbitrary, unknowable will that cannot be limited.

He wrote: “ the difficulties of Germany, and especially its defeat in World War I were largely attributable to the prevailing optimism of German idealism …. a rational pessimism might have prevented the war .”

That a society might decide to revert from the legitimate government of a rational – legal authority to the charismatic government of a leader, e. g. the Nazi Germany of Adolf Hitler, Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini, and fascist Spain under General Francisco Franco.

Hugh James Rose had published in England ( 1825 ) a volume of sermons on the rationalist movement ( The State of the Protestant Religion in Germany ), in which he classed Bretschneider with the rationalists ; and Bretschneider contended that he himself was not a rationalist in the ordinary sense of the term, but a rational supernaturalist.

Kershaw argued that the Soviet regime, despite all of its extreme brutality and utter ruthlessness, was basically rational in its goal of seeking to modernize a backward country and had no equivalent of the " cumulative radicalization " towards increasingly irrational goals that Kershaw sees as characteristic of Nazi Germany.

Along with Eberhard Lämmert and also Franz Karl Stanzel, Käte Hamburger advanced the systematic reorientation of Germanistics in Germany in the 1950s towards a rational and analytic methodology.

He later devoted himself to the Finnish language family, as Germany was working on rational principles for the German language at that time.