* Surface area available for contact between the reactants, in particular solid ones in heterogeneous systems.

The standard potential of an electrochemical cell requires standard conditions for all of the reactants.

Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants ( typically an alcohol and an acid ) form an ester as the reaction product.

In a thermochemical reaction that is endothermic, the heat is placed on the reactants ' side ( heat is necessary for and absorbed during the reaction ).

A key idea in chemical kinetics is that for reactants to react and form products, most chemical species must go through transition states which are higher in energy than either the reactants or the products and serve as a barrier to reaction.

* acute phase reactants: 1 point for elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR, or elevated CRP value ( c-reactive protein )

A reaction may consume more than one molecule, and the stoichiometric number counts this number, defined as positive for products ( added ) and negative for reactants ( removed ).

These effects are used for the deagglomeration and milling of micrometre and nanometre-size materials as well as for the disintegration of cells or the mixing of reactants.

Arrhenius argued that for reactants to transform into products, they must first acquire a minimum amount of energy, called the activation energy E < sub > a </ sub >.

# The change in enthalpy for a reaction can be calculated from the enthalpies of formation of the reactants and the products

n < sub > 1 </ sub > n < sub > 2 </ sub > < σv > </ big >( for two reactants )

An equilibrium expression for this reaction can be written, as for any chemical reaction ( products over reactants ):

The Tuyère Pyrometer is an optical instrument for temperature measurement through the tuyeres which are normally used for feeding air or reactants into the bath of the furnace.

Finally, the reactants for the Sharpless Epoxidation are commercially available and relatively cheap.

When the sums of chemical potential of reactants and product are equal the system is at equilibrium and there is no tendency for the reaction to proceed in either the forward or backward direction.

The flow of reactants into the reaction chamber and subsequent ejection to the atmosphere occurs cyclically at a rate of about 500 times per second and with the total pulsation period lasting for only a fraction of a second.

When side products or reaction intermediates are formed, the IUPAC recommends the use of the terms rate of appearance and rate of disappearance for products and reactants, properly.

The pressure dependence of the rate constant for condensed-phase reactions ( i. e., when reactants and products are solids or liquid ) is usually sufficiently weak in the range of pressures normally encountered in industry that it is neglected in practice.

Thus the ΔH for a single reaction can be calculated from the difference between the heat of formation of the products and the heat of formation of the reactants:

For gases, the volume ratio is ideally the same by the ideal gas law, but the mass ratio of a single reaction has to be calculated from the molecular masses of the reactants and products.

The water gas shift reaction is sensitive to temperature, with the tendency to shift towards reactants as temperature increases due to Le Chatelier's principle.

The flame front in the reaction is a zone of very hot, luminous gas, produced by the reactants decomposing.

Heterogeneous catalysts act in a different phase than the reactants.

Homogeneous catalysts function in the same phase as the reactants, but the mechanistic principles invoked in heterogeneous catalysis are generally applicable.

Catalysts can be used in a different phase ( heterogeneous ) or in the same phase ( homogenous ) as the reactants.

* Homogeneous catalysis, a sequence of chemical reactions that involve a catalyst in the same phase as the reactants

When reactants are in the same phase, as in aqueous solution, thermal motion brings them into contact.

In chemistry, heterogeneous catalysis refers to the form of catalysis where the phase of the catalyst differs from that of the reactants.

In chemistry, homogeneous catalysis is a sequence of reactions that involve a catalyst in the same phase as the reactants.

Homogeneous catalysis differs from heterogeneous catalysis in that the catalyst is in a different phase than the reactants.

Applied in a phase transfer reaction a water phase reaches a temperature of 100 ° C while a chloroform phase would retain a temperature of 50 ° C, providing the extraction as well of the reactants from one phase to the other.

In homogeneous photocatalysis, the reactants and the photocatalysts exist in the same phase.

Heterogeneous catalysis has the catalyst in a different phase from the reactants.

Carrier Af was added and the aqueous and organic phases were separated ( cells containing gaseous reactants were immersed in liquid air before opening under sodium iodide ).

This is in contrast to the initial work done on chemical kinetics, which was in simplified systems where reactants were in a relatively dilute, pH-buffered, aqueous solution.

If the temperature were increased, the larger amount of thermal energy in the system would favor the endothermic reverse reaction, as this would absorb the increased energy ; in other words the equilibrium would shift to the reactants in order to remove the stress of added heat.

* fuel cells tanks were drained of remaining cryogenic reactants.

The Apollo service modules used as crew ferries to the Skylab space station were powered by three silver – zinc batteries between undocking and SM jettison as the hydrogen and oxygen tanks could not store fuel cell reactants through the long stays at the station.

Chemical reactions that were known in that era and the distinction between reactants and products were also provided.

The rate equation does not simply reflect the reactants stoichiometric coefficients in the overall reaction: It is first order in H < sub > 2 </ sub >, although the stoichiometric coefficient is 2 and it is second order in NO.

The first pulse ( pump ) initiates the reaction, by breaking a bond or exciting one of the reactants.

Fischer – Tropsch plants associated with coal or related solid feedstocks ( sources of carbon ) must first convert the solid fuel into gaseous reactants, i. e., CO, H < sub > 2 </ sub >, and alkanes.

This method can be extended to any number of reactants more easily than the first method.

In one strategy divergent synthesis aims to generate a library of chemical compounds by first reacting a molecule with a set of reactants.

In a fed-batch reactor some reactants / ingredients are added continuously or in pulses ( compare making porridge by either first blending all ingredients and the let it boil, which can be described as a batch reactor, or by first mixing only water and salt and making that boil before the other ingredients are added, which can be described as a fed-batch reactor ).

The Wöhler synthesis is of great historical significance because for the first time an organic compound was produced from inorganic reactants.