* The Shulchan Aruch HaRav of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( c. 1800 ) was an attempt to recodify the law as it stood at that time — incorporating commentaries on the Shulchan Aruch, and subsequent responsa — and thus stating the decided halakha, as well as the underlying reasoning.

This finding which has been named " The Mozart effect " suggests that music and spatial reasoning are related psychologically ( i. e., they may rely on some of the same underlying skills ) and perhaps neurologically as well.

He was the first formal logician ( i. e. he gave the principles of reasoning using variables to show the underlying logical form of arguments ).

Thales inspired the Milesian school of philosophy and was followed by Anaximander, who argued that the substratum or arche could not be water or any of the classical elements but was instead something " unlimited " or " indefinite ," the apeiron ; his reasoning was that because the world seems to consist of opposites ( e. g., hot and cold ) yet a thing can become its opposite ( e. g., a hot thing cold ), they cannot truly be opposites but rather must both be manifestations of some underlying substratrum that is neither, while all of the classical elements are one extreme or another ( e. g., water is wet and so the opposite of dry ).

The work states the decided halakha, as well as the underlying reasoning.

* Behavioral economic geography which examines the cognitive processes underlying spatial reasoning, locational decision making, and behavior of firms and individuals.

The work thus states the decided halakha, as well as the underlying reasoning.

This theory is also subject to circular reasoning as it incorporates, at least in part, deprivation theory and relies upon it, and social / structural strain for the underlying motivation of social movement activism.

More specifically, the meaning of the term " confidence level " is that, if confidence intervals are constructed across many separate data analyses of repeated ( and possibly different ) experiments, the proportion of such intervals that contain the true value of the parameter will match the confidence level ; this is guaranteed by the reasoning underlying the construction of confidence intervals.

Some artificial intelligence theorists have other opinions – that it's not the underlying computational mode that ’ s crucial, but rather particular algorithms ( of reasoning, memory, perception, etc .).

Johnson argues that more abstract reasoning is shaped by such underlying spatial patterns.

In other cases, one's lack of knowledge of the underlying random process then makes the use of Bayesian reasoning less useful.

And since for Hegel the underlying structure of all of reality is ultimately rational, logic is not merely about reasoning or argument but rather is also the rational, structural core of all of reality and every dimension of it.

However, in the last 50 years, both federal and state courts have severely criticized and questioned the legal reasoning underlying the decision.

Kohlberg has responded by saying that although different cultures do indeed inculcate different beliefs, his stages correspond to underlying modes of reasoning, rather than to those beliefs.

* Me-Kabtziel ( Miqqabṣiël ): an esoteric exposition of Jewish law — which he refers to often in Ben Ish Chai — providing a more detailed explanation of the reasoning underlying certain decisions.

In August 1701 Davenant published The True Picture of a Modern Whig, an attempt to counter the Whig party ’ s push to dissolve the Tory party Parliament by “ defending Tory views and exposing Whig motives .” His Tom Double Returned out of the Country, also published 1701, explained all of Davenant ’ s ideas on trade and public finance and the underlying reasoning behind them.

" This entails a preliminary assessment of whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid and of whether that reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to the facts in issue.

Behavioral geographers focus on the cognitive processes underlying spatial reasoning, decision making, and behavior.

More cognitively oriented, behavioral geographers focus on the cognitive processes underlying spatial reasoning, decision making, and behavior.

One modern approach which attempts to overcome the seemingly impossible divide between deontology and utilitarianism is case-based reasoning, also known as casuistry.

This contrasts with the synthetic approach of Euclidean geometry, which treats certain geometric notions as primitive, and uses deductive reasoning based on axioms and theorems to derive truth.

* Natural deduction, an approach to proof theory that attempts to provide a formal model of logical reasoning as it " naturally " occurs

Moreover, this traditional approach is meant to train the mind, promote reasoning, and ensure a common culture.

Although the command economy approach of the communist states meant that most types of property could not be owned, the Soviet Union always had a civil code, courts that interpreted this civil code, and a civil law approach to legal reasoning ( thus, both legal process and legal reasoning were largely analogous to the French or German civil code system ).

" Likewise, certain types of ethical theories, especially deontological ethics, sometimes distinguish between ' ethics ' and ' morals ': " Although the morality of people and their ethics amounts to the same thing, there is a usage that restricts morality to systems such as that of Kant, based on notions such as duty, obligation, and principles of conduct, reserving ethics for the more Aristotelian approach to practical reasoning, based on the notion of a virtue, and generally avoiding the separation of ' moral ' considerations from other practical considerations.

McConnell describes software development organizations that attempt to emulate more successful development houses, either by slavishly following a software development process without understanding the reasoning behind it, or by attempting to emulate a commitment-oriented development approach ( in which software developers devote large amounts of time and energy toward seeing their projects succeed ) by mandating the long hours and unpaid overtime, when in successful companies these are side-effects of high motivation and not requirements.

* Evidential reasoning approach, a concept in Decision Theory

While Avicenna ( 980-1037 ) often relied on deductive reasoning in philosophy, he used a different approach in medicine.

Mathematics was one of his strengths, though his approach involved more rote learning than reasoning.

No indication is given of the method of reasoning that led to the result, although the Data does provide instruction about how to approach the types of problems encountered in the first four books of the Elements.

The habits of mind that characterize a person strongly disposed toward critical thinking include a desire to follow reason and evidence wherever they may lead, a systematic approach to problem solving, inquisitiveness, even-handedness, and confidence in reasoning.

The reasoning behind this approach probably has as much to do with American laissez-faire economics as with different social perspectives.

However, it is also true that legal positivism contributes to improve the way of legal reasoning in term of more nomothetic ( rule-making ) approach to a case in turn.

Lateral thinking is solving problems through an indirect and creative approach, using reasoning that is not immediately obvious and involving ideas that may not be obtainable by using only traditional step-by-step logic.

In this approach, developed in particular by Dau, conceptual graphs are conceptual diagrams rather than graphs in the sense of graph theory, and reasoning operations are performed by operations on these diagrams.

A refined approach is case-based reasoning.

* A computational reasoning approach, where the relationships between graphs and probabilities were formally introduced.

The show ’ s philosophy is to foster enthusiasm for math, to model mathematic reasoning, to help children improve their problem-solving skills and to inspire all children to approach math with confidence and a " can-do " attitude.

In joining the club he rejected an approach from Manchester United, reasoning that he had a better chance to establish himself in the first team at Dens Park.

Sopinka cites McKinney v. University of Guelph in defence of his reasoning, noting that there are situations in which Legislatures may take an " incremental " approach to address novel issues.