White tried to introduce an argument “ without appeal to the principle of sufficient reason and without denying the possibility of an infinite causal regress ”.

This is a separate and more fundamental issue than the regress argument found in discussions on justification of knowledge.

This was the regress argument, whereby every proposition must rely on other propositions in order to maintain its validity ( see the five tropes of Agrippa the Sceptic ).

The regress argument ( also known as the diallelus ( Latin < Greek di allelon " through or by means of one another ")) is a problem in epistemology and, in general, a problem in any situation where a statement has to be justified.

Foundationalism seeks to escape the regress argument by claiming that there are some beliefs for which it is improper to ask for a justification.

He doubted the validity of induction long before its best known critic David Hume, and raised the regress argument against all forms of reasoning:

In other words, there is an infinite regress problem with the argument.

As an epistemological theory, coherentism opposes foundationalism and infinitism and attempts to offer a solution to the regress argument.

Both coherence and foundationalist theories of justification attempt to answer the regress argument, a fundamental problem in epistemology that goes as follows.

Such dualism risks an infinite regress however ; if any such mind is real, it is still subject to the standard argument against free will.

The homunculus argument and the regress argument are often considered to be the same but this is not the case.

The regress argument says that an intelligent agent would need to think before it could have a thought.

Evidentialism also faces a challenge from the infinite regress argument.

Coherentism allows evidential support for all of our justified beliefs in the face of the regress argument by allowing for circular chains of evidential support among beliefs.

But because the resulting skepticism is so sweeping and devastating, and because so many reject the legitimacy of the circular reasoning embraced by the coherentist, foundationalism is the favored response of many philosophers to the regress argument.

Indirect realism is argued to be problematical because of Ryle's regress and the homunculus argument.

* Aquinas ' argument from first cause started with the premise that it is impossible for a being to cause itself ( because it would have to exist before it caused itself ) and that it is impossible for there to be an infinite chain of causes, which would result in infinite regress.

In philosophy, Ryle's regress is a classic argument against cognitivist theories, and concludes that such theories are essentially meaningless as they do not explain what they purport to.

Therefore, so the argument goes, theories of mind that imply or state explicitly that cognition is rule bound cannot be correct unless some way is found to ' ground ' the regress.

First developed by Aristotle, the argument itself necessitates an Unmoved Mover as an infinite regress is possible.

Some commentators have argued that Collins's " experimenter's regress " is foreshadowed by Sextus Empiricus ' argument that " if we shall judge the intellects by the senses, and the senses by the intellect, this involves circular reasoning inasmuch as it is required that the intellects should be judged first in order that the intellects may be tested we possess no means by which to judge objects " ( quoted after Godin & Gingras 2002: 140 ).

Others have extended Collins's argument to the cases of theoretical practice (" theoretician's regress "; Kennefick 2000 ) and computer simulation studies (" simulationist's regress "; Gelfert 2011 ).

The name " Devo " comes " from their concept of ' de-evolution ' - the idea that instead of continuing to evolve, mankind has actually begun to regress, as evidenced by the dysfunction and herd mentality of American society.

This theory has the advantage of avoiding the infinite regress without claiming special, possibly arbitrary status for some particular class of beliefs.

" Whereas, say, infinitists regard the regress of reasons as " shaped " like a single line, Susan Haack has argued that it is more like a crossword puzzle, with multiple lines mutually supporting each other.

Rather, the characteristics in the offspring regress towards a mediocre point ( a point which has since been identified as the mean ).

The supposed effectiveness of IED jamming systems, including vehicle-and personally mounted systems, has caused IED technology to essentially regress to command-wire detonation methods.

Unavoidability of punishment is the only thing that can keep humanity from political and moral regress, and do not tell me about remorse: a human being has no remorse.

Our culture has lost many values and those who want to restore those values are often told that they are trying to regress or turn back the hands of time.

This principle, in conjunction with the principle that an infinite regress is not possible, has been used to argue for God's existence.

) Clearly it must be preceded by another cognitive action, which must in turn be preceded by another and so on, in an infinite regress ( always a sign that something has gone wrong with a theory ).

But again we are in a situation of infinite regress, because this implies that the homunculus has cognitive process that are also rule bound, which presupposes another homunculus inside its head, and so on and so forth.

In new fields of research where no paradigm has yet evolved and where no consensus exists as what counts as proper research, experimenter's regress is a problem that often occurs.

If patients survive infancy, their tumors may regress spontaneously ; resection in symptomatic patients has good results.

This has the effect of allowing the hen's reproductive tracts to regress and rejuvenate.

< BLOCKQUOTE > One jurists's ` discovery ` of the ruling of law for a specific case would not have been invalidated by some other jurist's discovery of a different ruling for that case ; only God could choose between them, and until the Resurrection ( or in the case of the Shiah, the return of the Twelfth Imam ) God had left the matter to the jurists, and the first actual judgement was final, as otherwise there would have been an infinite regress of opinions without any final judgement.

This something is often described as a homunculus, although the term homunculus is also used to imply an entity that creates a continual regress, and this need not be implied.

In order to pursue his vengeance, Torres learned the skills of ' auto-suggestion ' instead of anesthetics during surgery, and hypnosis, in the form of a spinning lampshade, which he used to regress the niece of his latest victim, Nina Gilbert, into a childlike personality and to control ( or so he thought ) Artemus Gordon.

A 1976 study found that 40 % of hypnotizable subjects described new identities and used different names when given a suggestion to regress past their birth.

Either there are some basic beliefs that we can be justified for holding, without being able to justify them on the basis of any other belief, or else for each justified belief there is an infinite regress of ( potential ) justification nebula theory.

If one asks an expert for the rules he or she is using, one will, in effect, force the expert to regress to the level of a beginner and state the rules learned in school.

If dictionaries were logico-mathematical texts, then so-called circular definition would amount to infinite regress, where one of the steps involved in running the procedure is to run the procedure ; and, in the context of explanation ( as opposed to description in the form of dictionary definition ), this would be a vicious infinite regress.

For example, if one looks at the batting average of Major League Baseball players in one season, those whose batting average was above the league mean tend to regress downward toward the mean the following year, while those whose batting average was below the mean tend to progress upward toward the mean the following year.

A number of different species including H. sapiens, D. melanogaster and C. elegans require the central spindle in order to efficiently undergo cytokinesis, although the specific phenotype described when it is absent varies from one species to the next ( for example, certain Drosophila cell types are incapable of forming a cleavage furrow without the central spindle, whereas in both C. elegans embryos and human tissue culture cells a cleavage furrow is observed to form and ingress, but then regress before cytokinesis is complete ).

Teams that win a minimum of one full game more than their Pythagorean projection tend to regress the following year ; teams that win a minimum of one full game less than their Pythagoerean projection tend to improve the following year, particularly if they were at or above. 500 despite their underachieving.

" In response, Chisholm objects that if one complicates the analysandum, one must also complicate the analysans ; in this particular case, that one must analyse in purely sensory terms what it means not to be paralyzed and so on, with respect to which the same problems would arise leading to an infinite regress.

Culture shock can be described as consisting of at least one of fifteen distinct phases: Honeymoon, Negotiation, Adjustment, Mastery and the interdependence, are the most common attributes that pertain to existing problems, further hindrances include: information overload, language barrier, generation gap, technology gap, skill interdependence, formulation dependency, homesickness ( cultural ), infinite regress ( homesickness ), boredom ( job dependency ), response ability ( cultural skill set ).

Urine spraying is one indication that a cat with no observable testicles may not be neutered ; other signs are the presence of enlarged jowls, thickened facial and neck skin, and spines present on the penis ( which usually regress within six weeks after castration ).

This discontinuity is, therefore, the outward sign of the fact that in heredity the two characters of smoothness and hairiness do not completely blend, and the offspring do not regress to one mean form, but to two distinct forms .”

In the " Smallville Alert ," Pete Ross is among the citizens that got turned into one of the clones of Doomsday and the players have to regress him amongst the other citizens back to normal.

* situations outside one's ordinary circumstances, where one may experience intense levels of fear, or may regress to a fight-or-flight mentality.

Within these levels, there are four basic levels of spiritual development that human beings on Earth progress through as they reincarnate, although evil acts may cause bad karma which may cause one to temporarily regress.

He was one of the first sociologists to claim that the evolution of society is not necessarily going in the right direction, that the social progress is not perfect, it can even be called a regress as the newer, more evolved societies are obtained only after paying a high costs, resulting in decreasing satisfaction of individuals making up that society.

Tönnies was also one of the first sociologists to claim that the evolution of society is not necessarily going in the right direction, that the social progress is not perfect, it can even be called a regress as the newer, more evolved societies are obtained only after paying a high costs, resulting in decreasing satisfaction of individuals making up that society.