Another concept due to Dijkstra in the field of distributed computing is that of self-stabilization – an alternative way to ensure the reliability of the system.

In this field, the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing place standards about validity and reliability, along with errors of measurement and related considerations under the general topic of test construction, evaluation and documentation.

In the field of psychometrics, the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing place standards about validity and reliability, along with errors of measurement and issues related to the accommodation of individuals with disabilities.

* Military, where complex calculations need to be made in the field quickly and with reliability not dependent on electrical devices.

Airframe design is a field of aerospace engineering that combines aerodynamics, materials technology and manufacturing methods to achieve balances of performance, reliability and cost.

Narrative criticism is a complex field, but some central concerns include the reliability of the narrator, the question of authorial intent ( expressed in terms of the context in which the text was written and its presumed intended audience ), and the implications of multiple interpretation ( meaning an awareness that a narrative is capable of more than one interpretation, and thus of the implications of each ).

Specifically, Robinson examined the New Testament's reliability, because he believed that very little original research had been completed in the field during the period between 1900 and the mid-1970s.

These areas of application have varying degrees of acceptability or reliability within the field.

Relating to computer systems, the field of Dependability grew out of previous related fields such as fault tolerance and system reliability in the 1960s.

The DSM-5 field trials included " test-retest reliability " which involved different clinicians doing independent evaluations of the same patient -- a new approach to the study of diagnostic reliability.

He developed a reputation for reliability in the art field.

Despite the ever increasing age gap between his car and the majority of the rest of the field, Bob Gerard's meticulous preparation of his cars, and his emphasis on increasing their reliability, meant that he often finished a race much higher in the placings than expected.

Human reliability is related to the field of human factors engineering and ergonomics, and refers to the reliability of humans in fields such as manufacturing, transportation, the military, or medicine.

* Human error assessment and reduction technique ( HEART ), a technique used in the field of human reliability

Reliability engineering is an engineering field that deals with the study, evaluation, and life-cycle management of reliability: the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.

* help assess the effect of product reliability on maintenance activity and the quantity of spare units required for acceptable field performance of any particular system.

The general conclusion is drawn that an accurate and an absolute prediction – by field data comparison or testing – of reliability is in most cases not possible.

Any changes to the system, such as field upgrades or recall repairs, require additional reliability testing to ensure the reliability of the modification.

Other reliability engineers typically have an engineering degree, which can be in any field of engineering, from an accredited university or college program.

Van Seters ' Abraham in History and Tradition ( 1975 ) was one of the seminal publications in its field, arguing that no convincing evidence existed to support the historical existence of Abraham and the other Biblical Patriarchs or the historical reliability of their origins in Mesopotamia and their exploits and travels as depicted in the book of book of Genesis.

A set of criteria for membership has been developed — currently, these are " a widely acknowledged expertise in identification, proven reliability in the field, a track record of high quality submissions of descriptions of scarce and rare birds to county records committees and BBRC, considerable experience of record assessment, the capacity to handle the considerable volume of work involved in assessing upwards of 1, 000 records per year and the capacity to work quickly and efficiently ".

Because these may have varying reliability and may produce different results than the tests used for law-enforcement purposes, the results from such devices should be conservatively interpreted.

It is accepted, however, that there is an " enormous " range of reliability findings in studies, and that validity is unclear because, given the lack of diagnostic laboratory or neuroimaging tests, standard clinical interviews are " inherently limited " and only a (" flawed ") " best estimate diagnosis " is possible even with full assessment of all data over time.

The NASA designs were conceived as replacements for the upper stages of the Saturn V launch vehicle, but the tests revealed reliability problems, mainly caused by the vibration and heating involved in running the engines at such high thrust levels.

Internal consistency, which addresses the homogeneity of a single test form, may be assessed by correlating performance on two halves of a test, which is termed split-half reliability ; the value of this Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient for two half-tests is adjusted with the Spearman – Brown prediction formula to correspond to the correlation between two full-length tests.

Multiple problems with reliability, stability and safety ( by some, the model was referred as the " HindenBook " because the lithium ion batteries used actually burst into flame in Apple tests, necessitating a recall and downgrade to nickel metal hydride batteries ) were present in the early 5300s.

The magazine's annual ratings, based on road tests and predicted safety and reliability are considered highly influential among consumers.

Contemporary rumors of the ropeshaft's demise due to reliability problems are unfounded ; the ropeshaft's durability and performance had been proven in tests in full-size Pontiacs and Cadillacs in 1959, and only adapted to a smaller car in 1960.

There was also a shrine to the Palaci in Palacia, where people could subject themselves or others to tests of reliability through divine judgement ; passing meant that an oath could be trusted.

Some projective tests are used less often today because they are more time consuming to administer and because the reliability and validity are controversial.

Despite Subaru's confidence in their car performance and reliability built up during summer break tests, Impreza S12A failed again — Solberg had to retire on day two in Finland, after monstrous handling and steering problems which the engineers were unable to deal with.

The goal of reliability theory is to estimate errors in measurement and to suggest ways of improving tests so that errors are minimized.

The prototype was then submitted to a series of endurance tests led by the HWA and further modified to increase functional reliability and durability, resulting in the final LC-6 / III prototype variant that was ultimately accepted into production as the FG 42.

magazine in 1962, publishes the results of its lab-based and on-the-road car tests, and also delivers research around car reliability and satisfaction.

However, tests performed on captured Tiger tanks in early 1943 showed that the SU-152 was able to destroy them at any range with a fair degree of reliability ( the only vehicle then in Russian service capable of doing so ) by simply blowing the turret off the vehicle through sheer blast effect.

After running tests with a company for computer generated special effects, it was decided that for the sake of reliability, that Industrial Light & Magic would be contracted to produce the new models of the Enterprise, at a cost of $ 75, 000 for a and a version.

where N is the number of " tests " combined ( see below ) and is the reliability of the current " test ".

Generally speaking, the aim of classical test theory is to understand and improve the reliability of psychological tests.

Using parallel tests to estimate reliability is cumbersome because parallel tests are very hard to come by.

This index is helpful in characterizing a test's average reliability, for example in order to compare two tests.

Legislators then changed the definitions to target size ( barrel lengths under 3 inches ), materials ( such as zinc ), low-cost manufacturing techniques ( e. g., density requirements that specifically ban inexpensive powder cast metals ), redundant safety requirements ( trigger and / or main-spring locks, sizes too large for a child to use, drop tests ), and " quality ", " reliability ", and " accuracy " ( which are often left undefined ).

Some criticisms of projective tests include that they rely heavily on clinical judgement, lack reliability and validity and many have no standardized criteria to which results may be compared, however this is not always the case.

The subjective nature of this aspect of the HTP, as with other qualitative tests, has little empirical evidence to support its reliability or validity.

The decision was made based on the reliability of the cars demonstrated in the Paul Ricard tests, as well as the car's exceptional fuel economy, which meant that the carefully learned driving techniques intended to preserve the fuel allowance were no longer a critical part of the team's strategy.