Judicial opinion since the Supreme Court decision on Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) has rendered racial restrictive covenants unenforcible.

He chaired a fund-raising drive by students, and then was named to a committee that supported citywide efforts to outlaw restrictive covenants, the legal means by which minorities were prohibited from purchasing real estate in predominantly white neighborhoods.

Aside from restrictive covenants pertaining to some Oakland Hills properties, Jim Crow laws mandating racial segregation did not exist in California, and relations between the races were mostly harmonious.

Gentlemen's agreements were a widely-used discriminatory tactic reportedly more common than restrictive covenants in " preserving " the homogeneity of upper-class neighborhoods and suburbs in the United States.

Since African-Americans were unwelcome in white neighborhoods, which frequently instituted racial restrictive covenants to keep them out, the policy effectively meant that blacks could not secure mortgage loans at all.

FHA appraisal manuals instructed banks to steer clear of areas with " inharmonious racial groups " and recommended that municipalities enact racially restrictive zoning ordinances, as well as covenants prohibiting black owners.

* Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U. S. 1 ( 1948 )— restrictive covenants

Neighborhoods with restrictive covenants usually prohibit this size of dish, except where such restrictions are illegal.

Custom or restrictive covenants kept blacks from living in " white " neighborhoods.

Land and existing buildings in this area may be found to be subject to 20th century restrictive covenants preventing new construction above a certain height due to the proximity of the former airport, but those restrictions ought to be redundant by now, given that the airport has long since gone.

Deeds for the original homeowners include restrictive covenants ( now unenforceable ) that preclude sale to Blacks or Jews.

In the early 20th century, the Washington Grove Camp Association and later the Town of Washington Grove placed restrictive covenants in deeds and leases in order to prevent African Americans from buying, renting, or leasing land in Washington Grove.

An unusual private land preservation effort was begun with the New Vernon Neighborhood Restrictive Agreement, when several estate owners convinced many others to place restrictive covenants on their land that would remain as parts of the deeds.

Many of these families — both middle class and working class — purchased homes in Wyandanch because they were denied opportunities to move into other fast developing white housing tracts on Long Island ( such as Levittown ) due to exclusionist real estate practices: steering, restrictive covenants, red-lining or price points.

Homeowners associations seeking to write restrictive covenants, or legislative bodies seeking to write laws involving trees, may seek the counsel of arborists in order to avoid future difficulties.

There were restrictive covenants until the 1968 federal Fair Housing Act ( part of the Civil Rights Act ), however, excluding ' non-whites ' from ownership.

In jurisdictions that use the Torrens system of land registration, restrictive covenants are generally registered against title.

Where a Homeowner's association exists, restrictive covenants may usually be modified or repealed by the association through procedures set forth in its bylaws.

If such an association does not exist, in most jurisdictions the property owner may petition a court of law to have the restrictive covenants modified or repealed, and the judge presiding over the case will making a ruling to either leave the covenants in place as is, amend the covenants, or strike them from the deed.

Some restrictive covenants may govern what color a home's exterior is painted, what and how many exterior decorations are allowed, where cars are allowed to be parked, or even who lives in the house ( outside of the owner's nuclear family ).

In Canada, governmental authorities may apply both restrictive covenants and zoning regulations to properties.

However, governments may regulate or void restrictive covenants.

In 1996 the ARRL American Radio Relay League attempted unsuccessfully to expand PRB-1 and have the FCC preempt restrictive covenants on amateur radio structures.

But such a reaction obscures the powerful efforts made in the past by both NAREB and its local boards for the maintenance of restrictive clauses and practices.

This was intended to give broader protections for disabled workers and " turn back the clock " on court rulings that Congress deemed too restrictive.

If there be any party which is more pledged than another to resist a policy of restrictive legislation, having for its object social coercion, that party is the Liberal party.

While nations often strive for substantive harmony to facilitate cross-national distribution, philosophical differences about the optimal extent of regulation can be a hindrance ; more restrictive regulations seem appealing on an intuitive level, but critics decry the tradeoff cost in terms of slowing access to life-saving developments.

However, restrictive Spanish trade laws made it difficult for Cubans to keep up with the 17th and 18th century advances in processing sugar cane pioneered in British Barbados and French Saint Domingue ( Haiti ).

He said that in place of the ban, the Vanuatu government had introduced a restrictive new quota system for imports which would make it " impossible " to export to Vanuatu.

The Opencaching Network is less restrictive than many sites, and does not charge for the use of the sites.

Nevertheless he judged Stalin's rule to be far too rigid, restrictive of independent thought, and blinkered to lead toward the Cosmopolis he hoped for.

::( e ) the person cannot receive adequate treatment for the mental illness in a manner less restrictive of that person's freedom of decision and action.

Viewing angles for LCDs used to be very restrictive however, improved optical films have been developed that give almost 180 degree viewing angles from left to right.

Although Tanenbaum wished for MINIX to be as accessible as possible to students, his publisher was not prepared to offer material ( such as the source code ) that could be copied freely, so a restrictive license requiring a nominal fee ( included in the price of Tanenbaum's book ) was applied as a compromise.

Weber was ambivalent towards rationalisation ; while admitting it was responsible for many advances, in particular, freeing humans from traditional, restrictive and illogical social guidelines, he also criticised it for dehumanising individuals as " cogs in the machine " and curtailing their freedom, trapping them in the bureaucratic iron cage of rationality and bureaucracy.

However, following Manchester United's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later, it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies ' ambition ; in February 1909, six weeks before the club's first FA Cup title, Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United, following the purchase of land for around £ 60, 000.

In the last few years drug tourism and certain strains of cannabis with higher concentrations of THC have challenged the former policy in the Netherlands and led to a more restrictive approach ; for example, a ban on selling cannabis to tourists in coffee shops suggested to start late 2011.

This also gave the opportunity for a new interior set to be designed, as Belbin had been unhappy with the original set designed for the series, which she felt was too restrictive to shoot in.

High costs for labor, energy, raw materials, and transportation ; a restrictive labor code ; low productivity and high production costs ; militant labor unions ; and an inadequate transportation infrastructure are among the factors discouraging investment.

The genocide in Rwanda caused a massive refugee crisis, again highlighting the difficulties for UNHCR to uphold its mandate, and the UNHCR continued to battle against restrictive asylum policies in so called ' rich ' nations.

An attempt to change the classification ratings such that some of the material in the " X " category would be banned and the remainder would be available under the new category " NVE " ( an abbreviation for Non-Violent Erotica ), failed in the Senate, partly due to the belief of some senators that the new categories were less restrictive than the old.

However, he had conflicts with Martin-Smith over the restrictive rules for Take That members, and he began drinking more alcohol and dabbling in cocaine.

Since the Basic Law is restrictive on the dissolution of parliament, Kohl had to take another controversial move: he called for a confidence vote only a month after being sworn in, in which members of his coalition abstained.

Despite its name, this software is not distributed under the GNU General Public License ( GPL ), opting for its own more restrictive open source license instead.

The majority did not adopt or use the clear and present danger test, but the concurring opinion encouraged the Court to support greater protections for speech, and it suggested that " imminent danger " a more restrictive wording than " present danger " should be required before speech can be outlawed.