The reverse reaction can also occur, using a molecule of water to split up a disaccharide and break the glycosidic bond ; this is termed hydrolysis.

Usually, this state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse reaction.

The reaction rates of the forward and reverse reactions are generally not zero but, being equal, there are no net changes in the concentrations of the reactant and product.

For any reaction mixture to exist at equilibrium, the rates of the forward and backward ( reverse ) reactions are equal.

Adding a catalyst will affect both the forward reaction and the reverse reaction in the same way and will not have an effect on the equilibrium constant.

For example, adding more S from the outside will cause an excess of products, and the system will try to counteract this by increasing the reverse reaction and pushing the equilibrium point backward ( though the equilibrium constant will stay the same ).

In the catalyzed elementary reaction, catalysts do not change the extent of a reaction: they have no effect on the chemical equilibrium of a reaction because the rate of both the forward and the reverse reaction are both affected ( see also thermodynamics ).

Then, removing the catalyst would also result in reaction, producing energy ; i. e. the addition and its reverse process, removal, would both produce energy.

The forward and reverse reactions are competing with each other and differ in reaction rates.

These rates depend on the concentration and therefore change with time of the reaction: the reverse rate gradually increases and becomes equal to the rate of the forward reaction, establishing the so-called chemical equilibrium.

Changes in temperature can sometimes reverse the direction of a reaction, as in the Boudouard reaction:

The reverse reaction is possible, and thus the acid / base and conjugated base / acid are always in equilibrium.

In genetics, complementary DNA ( cDNA ) is DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase and the enzyme DNA polymerase.

Berthollet was one of the first chemists to recognize the characteristics of a reverse reaction, and hence, chemical equilibrium.

This reaction can be driven in reverse by applying a voltage, resulting in the deposition of zinc metal at the anode and formation of copper ions at the cathode.

Both electrodes undergo the same chemistry ( although the reaction proceeds in reverse at the cathode )

Further purification is effected by a chemical transport reaction developed by Arkel and de Boer: In a closed vessel, hafnium reacts with iodine at temperatures of 500 ° C, forming hafnium ( IV ) iodide ; at a tungsten filament of 1700 ° C the reverse reaction happens, and the iodine and hafnium are set free.

The difference between the avalanche diode ( which has a reverse breakdown above about 6. 2 V ) and the Zener is that the channel length of the former exceeds the mean free path of the electrons, so there are collisions between them on the way out.

The retroelements ( including retroviruses ) employ a transfer RNA that primes DNA replication by providing a free 3 ′ OH that is used for elongation by the reverse transcriptase.

This did not stop gnutella ; after a few days, the protocol had been reverse engineered, and compatible free and open source clones began to appear.

The reverse process to Ionization is recombination, in which a free electron is " captured " by a positive ion, occurs spontaneously.

However, any reaction may be viewed as " going " in the reverse direction, and all the coefficients then change sign ( as does the free energy ).

Many software crackers have later grown into extremely capable software reverse engineers ; the deep knowledge of assembly required in order to crack protections enables them to reverse engineer drivers in order to port them from binary-only drivers for Windows to drivers with source code for Linux and other free operating systems.

The Microsoft / Borland C ++ compilers had the ability to use this system as soon as it was introduced in Windows 95 and NT, however the actual implementation was undocumented and had to be reverse engineered for the Wine project and free compilers.

Crenshaw also operated an underground railroad in reverse, capturing free blacks and selling them into slavery.

* Stratagus is a free software real time strategy engine which began as a similar project of reverse engineering Warcraft II under the name " FreeCraft ".

* British electronica duo Lemon Jelly heavily sampled the opening riffs of " Peaches " played in reverse as well as the lines " Yeah, yeah " and " Millions of peaches / Peaches for me / Millions of peaches / Peaches for free " in their song " The Fruity Track ".

The policies of the two main parties are exactly the reverse of 19th century, when the Conservatives were a party of protectionism and the Liberals favoured free trade with the US.

Despite this, the principle of health care " free at the point of use " became a central idea of the welfare state, which later governments, critical of the Welfare State, were unable to reverse.

The process of supercooling requires that water be pure and free of nucleus such as having undergone reverse osmosis, however the cooling itself does not require any specialised technique.

While Moira's alterations worked, it was revealed that, due to mutants ' powers requiring their body chemistry to operate in a specific manner, use of a mutant's powers would cause them to automatically resist the ' programming ' and reverse the effects of the procedure, so anything Magneto had done was of his own free will.

As the examples suggest, free objects look like constructions from syntax ; one may reverse that to some extent by saying that major uses of syntax can be explained and characterised as free objects, in a way that makes apparently heavy ' punctuation ' explicable ( and more memorable ).

A sister project of ScummVM, called ResidualVM, is developing a free implementation of the GrimE engine by reverse engineering the original.

The calling party is usually the party that pays the fee, if not free, for placing the call, however in reverse charge ( or collect ) calls this may not be the case.

New Zealand Twenty Dollar Note, reverse ( image from Reserve Bank, free use )

Radical addition, the reverse of radical decomposition, occurs where a radical reacts with an alkene to form a single, larger free radical.

Once mRNA is purified, oligo-dT ( a short sequence of deoxy-thymine nucleotides ) is tagged as a complementary primer which binds to the poly-A tail providing a free 3 '- OH end that can be extended by reverse transcriptase to create the complementary DNA strand.

In a reverse mortgage, the home owner is under no obligation to make payments, but is free to do so with no pre-payment penalties.

The reverse has the inscription and a space for the name of the recipient to be engraved.

For reverse resolution, the IETF reserved the domain, where the name space is hierarchically divided by the 1-digit hexadecimal representation of nibble units ( 4 bits ) of the IPv6 address.

Upon being arrested, student demonstrators made " jail-no-bail " pledges, to call attention to their cause and to reverse the cost of protest, thereby saddling their jailers with the financial burden of prison space and food.

The purpose is to leave some space for the message to be written, as the entire reverse of the card could only be used for the address.

Thus, given a linear filter evaluated through, for example, reverse correlation, one can rearrange the two spatial dimensions into one dimension, thus yielding a two dimensional filter ( space, time ) which can be decomposed through SVD.

On the reverse is a bar engraved THE CONGRESS TO with a space for engraving the name of the recipient.

Storage space was also saved by eliminating duplication: The Light World and the Dark World are almost identical, and reverse engineering of the game's ROM contents has revealed that only the differences were saved ; otherwise, they would have needed to wait for a 16 Mbit ROM.

Although there was only a small amount of space on the reverse, the moneyer's " identification details " were considered more important than the mint and were not often abbreviated ( although often ' mis-spelt ').

Optimizing the occurrence of desired / undesired motifs and sequence composition in all possible reverse translated gene sequences increases the search space exponentially with respect to gene length.

On the other hand, sometimes it may be more practical to count the output space in determining whether an algorithm is in-place, such as in the first reverse example below ; this makes it difficult to strictly define in-place algorithms.

If no other cars are blocking, a driver may perform a " pullthrough " by driving through one parking space into the connecting space to avoid having to reverse out of a parking space upon their return.

With this technology, Earth was able to reverse engineer the technology to create mechas ( variable fighters and destroids ), a faster-than-light space fold drive for starships and other advanced technologies, featured throughout the series.

See Julia Kristeva on her usage of the ' semiotic ', Luce Irigaray on reverse Heideggerian epistemology, and Pierre Bourdieu on polythetic space for examples of stochastic social science theory.

The past light cone behaves like the future light cone in reverse, a circle which contracts in radius at the speed of light until it converges to a point at the exact position and time of the event E. In reality, there are three space dimensions, so the light would actually form an expanding or contracting sphere in 3D space rather than a circle in 2D, and the light cone would actually be a four-dimensional version of a cone whose cross-sections form 3D spheres ( analogous to a normal three-dimensional cone whose cross-sections form 2D circles ), but the concept is easier to visualize with the number of spatial dimensions reduced from three to two.

Throughout the day, the light from the oculus moves around this space in a sort of reverse sundial effect.

A miniature railway runs half the length of the park along the river but, due to the lack of any turning space, the return journey is made in reverse.

The reverse implications do not hold, for example, standard Euclidean space ( R < sup > n </ sup >) is σ-compact but not compact, and the lower limit topology on the real line is Lindelöf but not σ-compact.

The ten-year series of Statehood Quarters, whose issue began in 1999, however, was seen as calling for more space and more flexibility in the design of the reverse.

To save space and weight the front transaxle only has three forward speeds ( and no reverse ).

On the reverse side, the center of the cross is circled by a wreath with a space for engraving the name of the recipient.

Sheer can be reverse, higher in the middle to maximize space inside, or straight or a combination of shapes.