* The deep roots of French secularism, article by Henri Astier on BBC News online, Sept 1st, 2004

* The deep roots of French secularism, article by Henri Astier on BBC News online, Sept 1st, 2004

Historian David Biale has traced the roots of Jewish secularism back to the premodern era.

* The deep roots of French secularism, article by Henri Astier on BBC News online, September 1, 2004

Buruma and Margalit argue that this nationalist and nativist resistance to the " West " actually replicates responses to forces of modernisation that have their roots in Western culture itself, among both utopian radicals and nationalist conservatives who saw capitalism, liberalism and secularism as destructive forces.

The ship designator and hull number system's roots extend back to the late 1880s, when ship type serial numbers were assigned to most of the new-construction warships of the emerging " Steel Navy ".

Its contribution to these early virtual machines was to extend p-code away from its roots as a compiler intermediate language into a full execution environment.

The branches of Yggdrasil extend far into the heavens, and the tree is supported by three roots that extend far away into other locations ; one to the well Urðarbrunnr in the heavens, one to the spring Hvergelmir, and another to the well Mímisbrunnr.

Three of the roots of the tree support it, and these three roots also extend extremely far: one " is among the Æsir, the second among the frost jötnar, and the third over Niflheim.

After Graceland, Simon decided to extend his roots with the Brazilian music-flavored The Rhythm of the Saints.

" He offers the guideline that the roots extend to a depth roughly equal to the span of the living leaves from tip to tip ..

Its roots extend into the late Classical period, when piano concertos were sometimes transcribed for piano with string quartet accompaniment.

The roots of the cooperative movement can be traced to multiple influences and extend worldwide.

The roots of European puppetry probably extend back to the Greek plays with puppets played to the " common people " in the 5th Century BC.

Its informal roots extend back to 1910, with efforts by Mrs. Charles Farnsworth in Thetford, Vermont and Luther Gulick M. D.

" Downey acknowledges that contemporary psychobilly's roots extend into 2 Tone ska, garage rock, hardcore punk, street punk and Oi !.

Father John Carroll founded Georgetown University as a Jesuit private university in 1789, though its roots extend back to 1634.

The range's subterranean roots may extend as far as central Texas, or beyond it to the current location of the Marathon Uplift.

Aerides kept as houseplants, are best grown in hanging baskets, teak containers or net pots, which affords the roots freedom to extend into the air.

The branches of Yggdrasil extend far into the heavens, and the tree is supported by three roots that extend far away into other locations ; one to the well Urðarbrunnr in the heavens, one to the spring Hvergelmir, and another to the well Mímisbrunnr.

The NOHP had its roots in the April 1973 provincial budget in which the Government of Ontario proposed to extend the 7 % provincial sales tax to heating and electricity.

The roots of the Brooklyn Museum extend back to the 1823 founding by Augustus Graham of the Brooklyn Apprentices ’ Library in Brooklyn Heights.

They have a thick crust and deep lithospheric roots that extend as much as a few hundred kilometers into the Earth's mantle.

At that depth, craton roots extend into the asthenosphere.

However, it is unknown if the lower infection rates will persist as roots of young trees extend closer to the original inoculate from the preceding stand.

These volcanoes formed part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc during the Miocene period and their intrusive roots extend from the Fraser Valley in the south to Salal Creek in the north.

Her family boasted that their roots are said to extend back to Umar ibn al-Khattab, a companion and advisor to the prophet Muhammad.

Kollár's interest in linguistic and cultural diversity was aroused by the situation in his native multi-lingual Kingdom of Hungary and his roots among its Slovaks, and by the shifts that began to emerge after the gradual retreat of the Ottoman Empire in the more distant Balkans.

Many dishes are part of the larger tradition of Ottoman cuisine and their names reveal Arabic, Persian or Turkish roots: moussaka, tzatziki, yuvarlakia, keftethes, boureki, and so on.

The modern city traces its roots back to the late Middle Ages when it was the capital ( 1430 – 1439 and 1444 – 1459 ) of the last independent Serbian state before the Ottoman conquest.

The location of the Bahá ' í holy places has its roots to the imprisonment of the religion's founder, Bahá ' u ' lláh, near Haifa by the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman Empire's rule over Palestine.

True development of the region came after the Ottoman conquest when local Muslim noble Isa-Beg Isaković established the roots of the modern city of Sarajevo, between 1461 and 1463.

He argues that the modern national identity of Palestinians has its roots in nationalist discourses that emerged among the peoples of the Ottoman empire in the late 19th century which sharpened following the demarcation of modern nation-state boundaries in the Middle East after World War I.

Most of the Ramadan celebration practices in Turkey have their roots in the Ottoman Empire traditions.

For several decades, he has researched the earliest roots of Ottoman music which he has also taught, performed and recorded.

The location of the Bahá ' í World Centre buildings has its roots to Bahá ' u ' lláh's imprisonment in Acre, which is near Haifa, by the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman Empire's rule over Palestine, now Israel.

The Greco-Persian Wars had their roots in the conquest of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, and particular Ionia, by the Achaemenid Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great shortly after 550 BC.

In a historical or geopolitical sense the term usually refers collectively to Christian majority countries or countries in which Christianity dominates or was a territorial phenomenon .“ Christendom is originally a medieval concept steadily to have evolved since the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the gradual rise of the Papacy more in religio-temporal implication practically during and after the reign of Charlemagne ; and the concept let itself to be lulled in the minds of the staunch believers to the archetype of a holy religious space inhabited by Christians, blessed by God, the Heavenly Father, ruled by Christ through the Church and protected by the Spirit-body of Christ ; no wonder, this concept, as included the whole of Europe and then the expanding Christian territories on earth, strengthened the roots of Romance of the greatness of Christianity in the world .”

The Marine traces its roots back to the Reichsflotte ( Empire Fleet ) of the revolutionary era of 1848 – 52.

According to his dream the tree, which was Osman's Empire, issued four rivers from its roots, the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Nile and the Danube.

The term Varangian remained in usage in the Byzantine Empire until the 13th century, largely disconnected from its Scandinavian roots by then.

Though few historical records are left from that period, Western Sahara's modern history has its roots linked to some nomadic groups ( living under Berber tribal rule and in contact with the Roman Empire ) such as the Sanhaja group and the introduction of Islam and the Arabic language the end from the 8th century AD.

On the northern edges of the relatively recent Holy Roman Empire, with its roots in Charlemagne's conquests about two hundred years prior to Sweyn's time, Sweyn Forkbeard had coins made with an image in his likeness.

The City's roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

For example, he built very strong ties with Prince Sheikh Rashed Al-Khuzai from Al Fraihat tribe, one of the most influential and royal roots family during the Ottomans Empire.

In the United States, the Second Empire style usually combined a rectangular tower, or similar element, with a steep, but short, mansard roof ; the roof being the most noteworthy link to the style's French roots.

Maninka music traces its roots back more than eight centuries to a folkloric epoch at the time of the great Mansa Sunjata during the great Mande-centered Mali Empire, and his semi-mythic rivallry with ruler Soumaoro Kante.

The ideological roots of the Sino-Soviet split originated in the 1940s, when the Communist Party of China ( CCP ), led by Mao Zedong, fought the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937 – 45 ) against the Empire of Japan, whilst simultaneously fighting the Chinese Civil War against the Nationalist Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-shek.

Two of India's major religions, Jainism, and Buddhism have roots in Magadha ; two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha.

The republic's roots date back to the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1917, during the October Revolution, when the provinces of the Caucasus seceded and formed their own federal state called the Transcaucasian Federation.

The Romance languages are all derivative of Latin, a member of this Indo-European language subfamily, which was the common language of the Western Roman Empire that had its roots in Italic dialect spoken in and around the capital, Rome, until the empire collapsed in the 5th century CE.

Canada's position has its roots in the Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1825 ) between the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire that set the boundary between the two.

They remained most popular in Eastern Europe, as an emblem of the " Hussars ", cavalry troops with roots in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, who went from Russia to France and England during the Napoleonic Wars and brought the pipes with them.

The Austrian Hashomer Hatzair traces its roots to the original Hashomer Hatzair founded in the Galicia region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The WDL had its roots in Colin Jordan's decision to split from the League of Empire Loyalists in 1957.

Laal contains a number of loanwords from Baguirmi, which for several centuries was the lingua franca of the region under the Baguirmi Empire, and perhaps a dozen Chadic roots, which are not similar to the Chadic languages that currently neighbor Laal.

Its roots trace back further, to the SpVgg Metz club, formed in 1905 when the city of Metz was part of the German Empire.

The Legion of Frontiersmen is a paramilitary group formed in Britain in 1905 in the days when the British Empire was at its height by Roger Pocock, a former constable with the North-West Mounted Police and Boer War veteran, with its roots firmly set in another era, to bolster the defensive capacity of the British Empire.