In addition to the telephone line doubler ( 1977 ), recent achievements for the company include HDSL ( 1993 ), optical ring-based networks ( 2000 ), toll-quality Voice over IP ( 2002 ), coarse wavelength division multiplexing ( 2003 ), 10-degree reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer ( 2007 ), the first Carrier Ethernet switch / router built with a transport mindset ( 2008 ), Dynamic Spectrum Management Level 3 ( 2009 ) and Network Design Platform ( 2009 ).

* BBN Technologies, formerly Bolt, Beranek and Newman, a technology company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, best known for its work on packet switching technology and its construction of the Interface Message Processor-the first router

The sale included a few remaining Bay Networks products that were still active in Nortel's portfolio at the time of the sale, such as the Ethernet Switch 450 and Backbone Concentrator Node ( BCN ) router.

This was the only part of AppleTalk that required periodic unsolicited broadcasts: every 10 seconds, each router had to send out a list of all the network numbers it knew about and how far away it thought they were.

If you add rules to take flow statistics out of the router during the DoS attacks, they further slow down and complicate the matter.

A router is a tool used to rout out ( hollow out ) an area in the face of a relatively hard workpiece, typically of wood or plastic.

Custom router bits are especially beneficial for home restoration projects, where the original trim and molding of the home is often out of production.

This allows the router to quickly set up the routing of the actual message and then " bow out " of the rest of the conversation.

When the packet arrives at an intermediate router for forwarding, the router examines the header ( very quickly ), sets up a circuit to the next router, and then bows out of the conversation.

A host requests membership to a group through its local router while a router listens for these requests and periodically sends out subscription queries.

In other words, if the router tries to send out data and the connection is off, then the router will automatically establish a connection, send the information, and close the connection when no more data needs to be sent.

Upon receiving a Prune message, the router will modify its state so that it will not forward those packets out that interface.

The gateway is also associated with both a router, which uses headers and forwarding tables to determine where packets are sent, and a switch, which provides the actual path for the packet in and out of the gateway.

Only one packet out of n is processed, where n, the sampling rate, is determined by the router configuration.

A gateway is often associated with both a router, which knows where to direct a given packet of data that arrives at the gateway, and a switch, which furnishes the actual path in and out of the gateway for a given packet.

Cutting out a slot, often with the use of a router, and situating the box into it with an epoxy or resin at the end of the shaping process.

The control signal is transmitted in optical form in a separated wavelength termed the control channel, but signaled out of band and processed electronically at each OBS router, whereas the data burst is transmitted in all optical form from one end to the other end of the network.

The router determines which downstream interfaces are destinations for this multicast group ( the destination address ), and sends the packet out through the appropriate interfaces.

Originally a router was called gateway, but the term was changed to avoid confusion with other types of gateways.

The very first device that had fundamentally the same functionality as a router does today, was the Interface Message Processor ( IMP ); IMPs were the devices that made up the ARPANET, the first packet network.

The first true IP router was developed by Virginia Strazisar at BBN, as part of that DARPA-initiated effort, during 1975-1976.

The first multiprotocol routers were independently created by staff researchers at MIT and Stanford in 1981 ; the Stanford router was done by William Yeager, and the MIT one by Noel Chiappa ; both were also based on PDP-11s.

* Cisco router operating system software was accidentally exposed to public access on a corporate network.

** If the router was unable to establish a successful TCP session, then it ends up in the Active state.

Considering alternative solutions with every router connected to every other router, or if every router was connected to 2 routers, shows the convenience of hierarchical routing.

Individual PUP host pairs on a particular network might use larger packets, but no PUP router was required to handle them, and no mechanism was defined to discover if the intervening routers would support larger packets.

The Routing Information Protocol ( RIP ), a descendant of PUP's Gateway Information Protocol, was used as the router information-exchange system, and ( slightly modified to match the syntax of addresses of other protocol suites ), remains in use today in other protocol suites.

The first Internet exchange point was the Commercial Internet Exchange ( CIX ), formed by Alternet / UUNET ( now Verizon Business ), PSI, and CERFNET to exchange traffic without regard for whether the traffic complied with the acceptable use policy ( AUP ) of the NSFNet or ANS ' interconnection policy .< REF > Cybertelecom :: Internet History 1990s :: CIX </ REF > The CIX infrastructure consisted of a single router, managed by PSI, and was initially located in Santa Clara, California.

After some time, the router was also attached to the Pacific Bell SMDS cloud.

The router was later moved to the Palo Alto Internet Exchange, or PAIX, which was developed and operated by Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ).

Although the original hand tool has a few advantages over the power tool equivalent and retains favour with some workers, since about 1960, it has all but been replaced by the modern spindle router, which was designed for the same work, although the first electric hand routers appeared in the years just after World War I.

The router was described as " the most versatile tool in the world " by Jeremy Broun in his book, The Incredible Router.

This is the Reported Distance ( RD ) + the cost to reach the neighboring router from which the RD was sent.

It was used for saving router configurations on Cisco routers, but was later augmented by other protocols.

A notable non-cryptographic man-in-the-middle attack was perpetrated by one version of a Belkin wireless network router in 2003.

* Telnet, by default, does not encrypt any data sent over the connection ( including passwords ), and so it is often practical to eavesdrop on the communications and use the password later for malicious purposes ; anybody who has access to a router, switch, hub or gateway located on the network between the two hosts where Telnet is being used can intercept the packets passing by and obtain login, password and whatever else is typed with a packet analyzer.

For Cisco's first product, Bosack adapted multiple-protocol router software originally written some years before by William Yeager, another Stanford employee who later joined Sun Microsystems.

Instead, when the sender has a block of data to be sent, it is stored in the first switching office ( i. e. router ) then forwarded later at one hop at a time.

In message switching, when a message consists of a block of data to be sent, it is stored in the first switching office ( i. e. router ) and then forwarded later, one hop at a time.

It is normally the border router between an IPv6 site and a wide-area IPv4 network, where the IPv6 site uses 2002 ::/ 16 co-related to the IPv4 address used later on.

Suppose a router has Pruned, and some time later a receiver requests the multicast stream with an IGMP message.

The Butterfly hardware was later used for the router of DARPA's high-speed descendant of ARPANET, the Satellite Wideband Network.