Until independence, Armenia's economy was based largely on industry — chemicals, electronic products, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber and textiles ; it was highly dependent on outside resources.

Since a third of the Malay workforce worked in the rubber industry it was important to develop alternative sources of employment.

Competition for Malaya ’ s rubber markets meant that the profitability of the rubber industry increasingly depended on keeping wages low, which perpetuated rural Malay poverty.

The Liberian economy between 1847 and 1980 expanded from primitive agriculture, through large scale rubber industry, to exploitation of mineral resources and rendering services.

This industry created 25, 000 jobs, and rubber quickly became the backbone of the Liberian economy ; in the 1950s, rubber accounted for 40 percent of the national budget.

In 1971, Liberia had the world ’ s largest rubber industry, and was the third largest exporter of iron ore.

* Melvin Mooney-American physicist, developed the Mooney Viscometer and other testing equipment used in the rubber industry.

Its economy is based on rice cultivation for subsistence and rubber production for industry.

Other significant uses of rubber are door and window profiles, hoses, belts, matting, flooring and dampeners ( antivibration mounts ) for the automotive industry.

Additionally, rubber produced as a fiber sometimes called elastic, has significant value for use in the textile industry because of its excellent elongation and recovery properties.

Seeking a way to address these shortcomings, the textile industry has turned to Neoprene ( polymer form of Chloroprene ), a type of synthetic rubber as well as another more commonly used elastomer fiber, spandex ( also known as elastane ), because of their superiority to rubber in both strength and durability.

* Akron, Ohio, center of the rubber industry in the USA

The European rubber industry has started a research project SafeRubber to develop a safer alternative to the use of ETU

This breakthrough is almost as fundamental to the development of the rubber industry as Goodyear's sulfur cure.

The auto industry consumes approximately 79 % of new rubber and 57 % of synthetic rubber.

At the turn of the 20th century, the growing automobile industry in France resulted in the growth of the rubber industry in French indochina, and plantations were built throughout the colony, especially in Annam and Cochinchina.

The abuses suffered, especially in the rubber industry included the effective enslavement of the native population, beatings, widespread killing, and frequent mutilation when the production quotas were not met.

The industry includes manufacturers of inorganic-and organic-industrial chemicals, ceramic products, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers and rubber ( elastomers ), oleochemicals ( oils, fats, and waxes ), explosives, fragrances and flavors.

Plastics are easier to handle than the vulcanized rubber formerly used, and they save time and money.

Natural rubber and polychloroprene ( Neoprene ) are commonly used contact adhesives.

At the site of some of the protests, police have used tear gas, pepper spray, concussion grenades, rubber and wooden bullets, night sticks, water cannons, dogs, and horses to repel the protesters.

The design of the analog joystick, which used a weak rubber boot rather than springs to provide centering, proved to be ungainly and unreliable.

At this point, a water cannon, tear gas and rubber bullets were used to disperse the rioters.

Carbon black is also used as a filler in rubber products such as tyres and in plastic compounds.

The ship contained Xylene, a clear, flammable liquid commonly used as a solvent in rubber, leather and the printing industries.

A solid rubber discus is sometimes used ( see In the United States ).

1, 3-Butadiene is a precursor to rubber used in tires, and isoprene is the precursor to natural rubber.

Like the Spectrum, the Ace used black rubber keys.

The latex that had been used in these early forms of incendiary devices became logistically impossible to use during the Pacific Theater of Operations, since natural rubber was almost impossible to obtain.

Natural polymeric materials such as shellac, amber, wool, silk and natural rubber have been used for centuries.

* Antiozonant agents: blends of paraffin and micro waxes are used in rubber compounds to prevent cracking of the rubber ; the admixture of wax migrates to the surface of the product and forms a protective layer.

Corks and rubber stoppers are also used, and are easier to quickly tune pipes.

Also in 1895 Berliner replaced the hard rubber used to make the discs with a shellac compound.

Not only were there rival machines with " down-stroke " and " frontstroke " positions that gave a visible printing point, the problem of typebar clashes could be circumvented completely: examples include Thomas Edison's 1872 electric print-wheel device which later became the basis for Teletype machines ; Lucien Stephen Crandall's typewriter ( the second to come onto the American market ) whose type was arranged on a cylindrical sleeve ; the Hammond typewriter of 1887 which used a semi-circular " type-shuttle " of hardened rubber ( later light metal ); and the Blickensderfer typewriter of 1893 which used a type wheel.

The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was caused by rubber O-rings that were being used well below their glass transition temperature on an unusually cold Florida morning, and thus could not flex adequately to form proper seals between sections of the two solid-fuel rocket boosters.

In the 20th century a large number of roofing materials were developed, including roofs based on bitumen ( already used in previous centuries ), on rubber and on a range of synthetics such as thermoplastic and on fibreglass.

Since friction between the foot and the ground is an important force in most sports, modern athletic shoes are designed to maximize this force, and materials, such as rubber, are used.

At the elite level, competitors run down a runway ( usually coated with the same rubberized surface as running tracks, crumb rubber also vulcanized rubber ) and jump as far as they can from a wooden board 20 cm or 8 inches wide that is built flush with the runway into a pit filled with finely ground gravel or sand.

In the 1940s construction had ground to a near-halt as workers, fuel, rubber and transport were pulled away from civilian use for the war effort, but the post-war 1950s would usher in a building boom on a massive scale.

A thin fold-up mattress, blankets, pillows, canvas or rubber gutta percha ground covers were used for sleeping.

Several participants later charged that Johnson used the NSC during 1965 not to consult on Vietnam as he committed major U. S. ground forces but to " rubber stamp " decisions made beforehand.

A hard rubber brake attached to the heel of the frame allows the skater to stop by lifting the toes of the skate, forcing the brake onto the ground.

Hundreds of products, ranging from the uniformly beautiful panels for buildings to finely ground marble powders for fillers and extenders in paints, plastics, papers, rubber, adhesives, caulks, roofing, flooring, fiberglass and ceramics.

The large surface area of the tracks distributes the weight of the vehicle better than steel or rubber tires on an equivalent vehicle, enabling a continuous tracked vehicle to traverse soft ground with less likelihood of becoming stuck due to sinking.

In comparison to steel tracks, rubber tracks are lighter, make less noise, create less maximal ground pressure and don't damage paved roads.

For example, the rubber bullets developed during the 1960s were supposed to be fired at the ground and hit the target only after ricochet, and other non-lethal bullets are designed to be fired at the lower body ; they can be lethal if fired directly at the head, as commonly happens.

80 % of production was of war materials-from ( rubber ) ground sheets to life belts and gas masks.

Wellington boots, almost always simply called rain boots, rubber boots, billy boots, or gum-boots, are popular in Canada and the northern United States, particularly in springtime when melting snows leave wet and muddy ground.

Another solution, called a scaffpad, is made from a rubber base with a base plate moulded inside ; these are desirable for use on uneven ground since they adapt, whereas sole boards may split and have to be replaced.

These include drums suspended in the ceiling so they don ’ t touch the ground until they are needed for ritual song and dance ; a fire starter traditionally consisting of a fire drill ( two sticks ) and more recently a lighter, matches or flint ; benches to sit around ; ceramic bowls for preparing and eating ritual meals or offerings ; a conch shell “ trumpet ” to announce the beginning of a ceremony for both villagers and the gods ; a large hollowed trough to make the alcohol Balché for ritual consumption ; and most importantly the God House contains rubber characters, incense nodules ( made of copal ), and ceramic God pots used to burn the offerings for the rituals.

For example, rubber paths and ramps replace sand pits and steps, and some features are placed at ground level.

Stretch Tents utilize aluminum, wooden and bamboo poles capped by molded polypropylene or rubber domes that push through the stretched fabric, creating tension between the ground and the fabric.

Ersatz products developed during this time included: synthetic rubber ( produced from oil ), benzene for heating oil ( coal gas ), tea composed of ground raspberry leaves or catnip, and coffee, using roasted acorns or beans instead of coffee beans.

The town prospered during the rubber boom, but then when low-cost Malaysian rubber made rubber from the Amazon uncompetitive, the region's economy ground to a halt.

Wheel tires were mounted between rubber sandwiches and were thus electrically isolated so that shunts were used to complete ground.

The name came to be on account of how quiet the rubber soles are on the ground when walked in as opposed to the standard hard-soled dress shoes of the time when sneakers were first invented, or the notoriously squeaky leather shoes, also popular at the time.