Selection by lottery was the standard means as it was regarded as the more democratic: elections would favour those who were rich, noble, eloquent and well-known, while allotment spread the work of administration throughout the whole citizen body, engaging them in the crucial democratic experience of, to use Aristotle's words, " ruling and being ruled in turn " ( Politics 1317b28 – 30 ).

During his visit to Rawalpindi in 1885, the Amir requested the Viceroy of India to depute a Muslim Envoy to Kabul having noble birth and of ruling family background.

In politics members of ruling noble houses may be heirs of a living person, called heirs apparent.

Its ruling dynasty was the House of Hohenzollern, a Swabian noble family first mentioned in 1061.

* Visconti, the leading noble family that became ruling dukes of Milan, apparently taking its surname from a returning crusader Ottone who was created Visconte of Milan

Due to his centralist ruling, he had to endure the political opposition of several noble families and influential clergymen.

Paulus is the reigning Duke of House Atreides, their noble House ruling Caladan for 26 generations.

These early riding traditions, which were strongly tied to the ruling caste of nobility ( as only those of noble birth or caste could become cavalry warriors ), now spread throughout the Eurasian steppes and Iranian plateau from around 600 BC and onwards due to contact with the Median Empire's vast expanse across Central Asia, which was the native homeland of the early, north-eastern Iranian ethnic groups such as the Massagetae, Scythians, Sakas, and Dahae.

In effect, public offices were now the exclusive prerogative of the gnädige Herren, the " merciful lords ", as the small number of noble families now ruling Bern came to be called.

The devil creatures that resided in the Nine Hells gave the noble and ruling classes of Bael Turath visions while they slept, which contained the directions for a grisly, month-long ritual that would extend their rule into eternity.

Lord Balian of Ibelin married Maria Comnena, widow of King Amalric I, and the Ibelins became the most powerful noble family of the kingdom, later ruling also over Beirut.

Moondragon was present when the Avengers confronted Korvac ; her powers allowed her to see into his mind while they fought, and she decided that his goal of saving the universe by ruling it was noble ; she stayed out of the battle until Korvac, dejected, committed suicide.

Where once there was a secret society ( the Bene Gesserit ) and a ruling family ( the Atreides ), there was born the noble, purpose-driven, proud, yet wizened Bene Gesserit Sisterhood, whose members were all children of the Atreides.

Palaiologos (,, in plural Παλαιολόγοι, ), also known in Latin form as the Palaeologan dynasty or the Palaeologus dynasty, was a Byzantine Greek noble family, which produced the last ruling dynasty of the Byzantine Empire.

Even the Austrian Kuenringer noble family, which had so far been faithful to the ruling house, started an insurgency as soon as his reign began.

It also preceded the princely titles of members of some German ruling and mediatised dynasties as well as some non-ruling but princely German noble families until 1918.

In this council Willigis strongly urged the return of Bishop Adalbert of Prague, who, unable to bear the conflicts with the Vršovci noble family and the ruling Přemyslid dynasty, had left his diocese for the second time, to which, after much correspondence between the Holy See and Willigis, he had once already been forced to return in 993.

Tornike came from a notable Georgian noble family and was in the immediate circles of the ruling dynasty of the Bagrationi.

These families ( many of which were members of the ruling national elite, considered of " noble " ancestry ( although there were no noblemans in the former Hispanic territories ) for having descended from respected historical figures from the period of Argentine independence ), built mansions and other notable buildings in several European architectural styles of the period ( many of which were demolished towards the end of the 1950s and beginning of the 1960s and once again during the 2000s ).

The county became hereditary in a number of noble houses, often kin to the ruling dynasty.

Its support of the Austro-Hungarian cohesion and the ruling House of Habsburg also gave it considerable popularity among the noble class, making it an early example of a big tent party.

The following are royal and noble titles which belong to the ruling family of Monaco.

In the ruling dynasties and noble families of much of Europe and Asia, the family's major assets – titles, realms, fiefs, property and income – have historically been passed from a father to his firstborn son in what is known as primogeniture: Younger sons – cadets – inherited less wealth and authority to pass to future generations of descendants.

Overlapping with and / or emulating royalty, a ruling class or an aristocracy can devote much of its energy into " keeping up appearances " and emphasizing the purity of noble blood by apartness.

Since a civilizational crisis involves also a crisis in private interests and in the ruling class, reaction is normally found among those who feel themselves to be among the ruling class.

It was not until the co-reigns of Gratian and Theodosius that Arianism was effectively wiped out among the ruling class and elite of the Eastern Empire.

It served as the uniform of the Almoravids, and under their rule, sumptuary laws forbade anybody else from wearing the veil, thereby making it the distinctive dress of the ruling class ( the later Almohads made a point of mocking the Almoravid veil as symbolic of effeminacy and decadence.

It eased the burden of the workers, and determined that membership of the ruling class was to be based on wealth ( plutocracy ), rather than by birth ( aristocracy ).

Her sympathetic renderings of American ruling class made her one of the most successful portrait painters of her era.

Limited reforms were enough to antagonise the ruling class but not enough to satisfy the radicals.

In the former, the Rump was anxious not to offend the traditional ruling class whose support it needed for survival, so it opposed radical ideas.

In the latter, that ruling class dominated through the influence of traditional regional gentry.

Whether a class action is superior to individual litigation depends on the case, and is determined by the judge's ruling on a motion for class certification.

While Gramsci's views argue that culture ( beliefs, perceptions and values ) allows the ruling class to maintain domination, Marx's explanation is along more economic lines, with concepts such as commodity fetishism demonstrating how the ideology of the bourgeoisie ( in this case, the existence of property as a social creation rather than an ' eternal entity ') dominate over that of the working classes.

Early elections in countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States were dominated by landed or ruling class males.

Reforms are usually proposed by thinkers who aim to redress societal ills or institute societal changes, most often through a change in the education of the members of a class of people — the preparation of a ruling class to rule or a working class to work, the social hygiene of a lower or immigrant class, the preparation of citizens in a democracy or republic, etc.

For instance, some argue that modern representative democracy is a realization of political egalitarianism, while in reality, most political power still resides in the hands of a ruling class, rather than in the hands of the people.

For Marx, what defined feudalism was that the power of the ruling class ( the aristocracy ) rested on their control of arable land, leading to a class society based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands, typically under serfdom.

At this time, Virginia and other southern colonies had become a slave society, in which slaveholders formed the ruling class and the economy was based on slave labor.

This practice, due to its illegality, has generally become favored by groups excluded from the political mainstream ( e. g. far-left or far-right groups ) who justify their activity by pointing out that they do not have the money – or sometimes the desire – to buy advertising to get their message across, and that a " ruling class " or " establishment " control the mainstream press, systematically excluding the radical / alternative point of view.

The Visigothic ruling class looked to Constantinople for style and technology while the rivals of Visigothic power and culture were the Catholic bishops – and a brief incursion of Byzantine power in Córdoba.