The heavy snow totals across the county can be attributed to the lake-effect, where precipitation is intensified by the warm waters of the Great Salt Lake, which never entirely freezes due to the lake's high salinity.

The red hue of the water is due to the presence of salt-tolerant bacteria and algae that thrive in the extreme 27 percent salinity of the lake's north arm, which was isolated from fresh water sources by the building of a causeway by the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1959.

The lake's salinity, about 44 g / L, is greater than that of the waters of the Pacific Ocean ( 35 g / L ), but less than that of the Great Salt Lake ( which ranges from 50 to 270 g / L ).

The unusual fluctuations in the lake's levels have given rise to fanciful urban myths that the lake is somehow connected to lakes in Peru or South Africa, although NSW government ecologist Justin Nancarrow theorises that the lake may indeed be connected to the nearby Yass River by subterranean aquifers which pass under the surrounding escarpment, and that this connection may explain the salinity of the river.

Due to drought and increased demands for agricultural water in the lake's basin, the salinity of the lake has risen to more than 300 g / L during recent years, and large areas of the lake bed have been desiccated.

This in turn has increased the salinity of the lake's water, lowering the lake viability as home to thousands of migratory birds including the large flamingo populations.

This rise in level has affected hundreds of nearby residents in townships bordering the lake, with abundant loss of agricultural land which, even if the waters recede, will probably be rendered useless due to the lake's salinity damaging the qualities of the once-arable soil.

There are three main types of water masses in the Barents Sea: Warm, salty Atlantic water ( temperature > 3 ° C, salinity > 35 ) from the North Atlantic drift, cold Arctic water ( temperature < 0 ° C, salinity < 35 ) from the north, and warm, but not very salty coastal water ( temperature > 3 ° C, salinity < 34. 7 ).

The main causes are the low rate of evaporation ( the bay is ice-covered for much of the year ), the large volume of terrestrial runoff entering the bay ( about 700 km³ annually ; the Hudson Bay watershed covers much of Canada, and many rivers and streams discharge into the bay ), and the limited connection with the Atlantic Ocean and its higher salinity.

Two of the main challenges of estuarine life are the variability in salinity and sedimentation.

Only at the greater depths does water with a higher salinity ( 3. 4 %) flow into the gulf from the South China sea and fills the central depression below a depth of 50 m. The main rivers which empty into the gulf are the Chao Phraya ( including its distributary Tha Chin River ), Mae Klong and Bang Pakong Rivers at the Bay of Bangkok, and to a lesser degree the Tapi River into Bandon Bay in the southwest of the gulf.

The Soil Moisture & Ocean Salinity ( SMOS ) satellite's main scientific instrument Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis ( MIRAS ) uses the 1400-1427 MHz frequencies ( including 1420. 406 MHz ) to monitor the ocean surface salinity and the soil moisture of the Earth.

The current levels of salinity in Victoria are relatively small, with the main impact expected to occur in high risk areas in the coming years.

The main advantage of having a sump plumbed into an aquarium is the increase of water in the system, making it more stable and less prone to fluctuations of pH and salinity.

The salt mine was established around the Ojo de Liebre coastal lagoon taking advantage of the heavy salinity, without realizing that eventually this company, called Exportadora de Sal, S. A., of C. V. (" Salt Exporters, Inc ."), would become the greatest salt mine in the world, with a production of seven million tons of salt per annum, exported to the main centers of consumption in the Pacific basin, especially Japan, Korea, the United States, Canada, Taiwan and New Zealand.

The Baltic Sea's salinity is much lower than that of ocean water ( which averages 35 ‰), as a result of abundant freshwater runoff from the surrounding land, combined with the shallowness of the sea itself ; indeed, runoff contributes roughly one-fortieth its total volume per year, as the volume of the basin is about 21, 000 km³ and yearly runoff is about 500 km³.

The open surface waters of the central basin have salinity of 6 to 8 ‰.

Environment-current issues: inadequate sanitation facilities ; increasing levels of soil salinity ; industrial pollution ; excessive pesticides ; part of the basin of the shrinking Aral Sea suffers from severe overutilization of available water for irrigation and associated pollution

* A concentration basin has a higher salinity than the outer ocean due to evaporation, and its water exchange consists of inflow of the fresher oceanic water in the upper layer and outflow of the saltier mediterranean water in the lower layer of the connecting channel.

* A dilution basin has a lower salinity due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers, and its water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel.

The most significant known evaporite depositions happened during the Messinian salinity crisis in the basin of the Mediterranean.

This indicates that a sustained period of episodic flooding and evaporation of the basin must occur, as can be seen from the example of the Mediterranean Messinian salinity crisis.

The flood occurred when Atlantic waters found their way through the Strait of Gibraltar into the desiccated Mediterranean basin, following the Messinian salinity crisis during which it repeatedly became dry and re-flooded, dated by general consensus to before the emergence of modern humans.

This has caused difficulties such as mouth getting silted up and getting closed during the summer season ( June – July to Oct – Nov ); raise in flood level occurs during the rainy season ; the lake acts as a large evaporating basin when the bar is closed resulting in salinity levels remaining low or high subject to the flood discharge into the lake during the northeast monsoon ; fluctuation of water level in the lake ( above or below the sea level ) is affecting flora, fauna and fisheries ; siltation has caused variation of the lake mouth resulting in reduction of tidal inflows and consequent decline in stocking of commercially important species of prawns and mullets.

Because of its depth and the high salinity of the basin waters, the lake is Meromictic and does not turn over and intermix waters like many other lakes in this region do.

Based on palaeomagnetic datings of Messinian deposits that have since been brought above sea level by tectonic activity, the salinity crisis started at the same time over all the Mediterranean basin, at 5. 96 ± 0. 02 million years ago.

Due to complete utilization of river water in the upstream river basin area, the water quality in the reservoir has high salinity / total dissolved salts which is unsafe for human and cattle consumption.

Because of the Great Salt Lake's high salinity, it has few fish, but they do occur in Bear River Bay and Farmington Bay when spring runoff brings fresh water into the lake.

Hudson Bay has a lower average salinity level than ocean water.

The inflow of fresh water in spring decreases the surface salinity in the top 5 – 10 metre layer to 23 ‰ ( parts per thousand ) in the eastern and 26 – 27 ‰ in the western parts of the sea, reaching 10 – 12 ‰ in Dvina Bay ; it also increases the content of silicon and silicates in water, which is a characteristic feature of the White Sea.

In the south the water is the normal brackish water of the Baltic Sea, but in the north, in the Bothnian Bay, the salinity is so low, from 0. 4 % near Kvarken to 0. 2 % in the northernmost part, that one can no longer taste the salt in the water and many freshwater fish thrive in it.

Measurements taken during recent surveys in Jamaica Bay indicate average yearly ranges for temperature of, salinity of 20. 5 to 26 parts per thousand, dissolved oxygen of 3. 5 to 18. 5 milligrams / liter, and pH of 6. 8 to 9.

Popular mangrove habitats in Hong Kong are located along Deep Bay, such as Pak Nai and Tsim Bei Tsui, where salinity is very low under the influence of fresh water from the Pearl River, and along some mud flats where salinity is lowered by surrounding streams, such as Three Fathoms Cove and Ting Kok.

Bluegill have also been found in the Chesapeake Bay, indicating they can tolerate up to 1. 8 % salinity.

They are somewhat limited to that stretch of the river and its local tributaries, upstream by the Great Falls, and downstream by the salinity of Chesapeake Bay.

In its upper course the river passes through two man-made lakes, Wiggins Mill Pond and Noxontown Lake ; the river is tidal to the dam at Noxontown Lake, and salinity from Delaware Bay typically affects the lowermost of the river.

Resultantly the salinity of the water in the Delta region started to rise, causing problems for farms on the Delta's many islands and allowed teredo, a saltwater worm, to thrive destroying piers and ships in Suisun Bay during a drought from 1919 to 1924.

In desperation to solve the salinity problem, area residents first proposed constructing a tidal barrage across the mouth of Suisun Bay, but the Marshall Plan, put forwards in 1919 by Robert Marshall of the United States Geological Survey, had a different solution.

On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean ; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand ( 3. 3 – 3. 7 %) by mass and varies with latitude and season.

Much of the ACC transport is carried in this front, which is defined as the latitude at which a subsurface salinity minimum or a thick layer of unstratified Subantarctic Mode Water first appears, allowed by temperature dominating density stratification.

Here a temperature minimum is allowed by salinity dominating density stratification, due to the lower temperatures.

At the semi-enclosed bays with major freshwater inflows, such as head of Finnish Gulf with Neva mouth and head of Bothnian gulf with close mouths of Lule, Tornio and Kemi, the salinity is considerably lower.

Below 40 to 70 m, the salinity is between 10 and 15 ‰ in the open Baltic Sea, and more than this near Danish Straits.

Near the Danish straits the salinity is close to that of the Kattegat, but still not fully oceanic, because the saltiest water that passes the straits is still already mixed with considerable amounts of outflow water.

The salinity gradient is paralleled by a temperature gradient.

The Black Sea outflow is cooler and less saline, and floats over the warm, more saline Mediterranean inflow – as a result of differences in density caused by differences in salinity – leading to a significant anoxic layer well below the surface waters.

Another disadvantage of saline aquifers is that as the salinity of the water increases, less CO < sub > 2 </ sub > can be dissolved into aqueous solution.

With 33. 7 % salinity, it is also one of the world's saltiest bodies of water, though Lake Assal ( Djibouti ), Garabogazköl and some hypersaline lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica ( such as Don Juan Pond ) have reported higher salinities.

The sea is called " dead " because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants, from living in it, though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present.

Halobacterium is a group of Archaea that have a high tolerance for elevated levels of salinity.

For example, the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana is a vast seasonal high salinity water body that manifests halophilic species within the diatom genus Nitzschia in the family Bacillariaceae as well as species within the genus Lovenula in the family Diaptomidae.

The salinity is reflected in the large lake in central Iraq, southwest of Baghdad, known as Bahr al Milh ( Sea of Salt ).

The Kara receives a large amount of freshwater from the Ob, Yenisei, Pyasina, and Taimyra rivers, so its salinity is variable.

When over deep the lake is no more salty than the sea, but salinity increases as the water evaporates, with saturation occurring at about a depth.

Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase eastward.

Water is fresh, with medium turbidity ; the average salinity is 61. 3 mg / L and the calcium bicarbonate content is 7 mg / L.