The word amphibian became restricted in the taxonomical sense to what we now use around 1600, with the taxon " Amphibia " first published in scientific classification circa 1819.

Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy.

** Systematics: taxon — taxonomy — scientific classification — phylogeny — evolutionary tree — cladistics — synapomorphy — homology — molecular clock

The Sourcebooks have been said to provide important insights into the character and quality of the decisions that led to the production of DSM-IV, and hence the scientific credibility of contemporary psychiatric classification.

Most remarkable is Sushruta's penchant for scientific classification:

That is, taxonomy in the traditional sense of the word: rank-based scientific classification.

The Linnaean system has proven robust and it remains the only extant working classification system at present that enjoys universal scientific acceptance.

While Agassiz did much to place the subject on a scientific basis, this classification has been superseded by later work.

In the scientific and academic literature on the definition or classification of mental disorder, one extreme argues that it is entirely a matter of value judgements ( including of what is normal ) while another proposes that it is or could be entirely objective and scientific ( including by reference to statistical norms ).

It is the scholarly and scientific method of recording the identification, classification, and categorization of minerals, their properties, and their uses.

As an ideology, racism existed during the 19th century as " scientific racism ", which attempted to provide a racial classification of humanity.

But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes.

The term " systematics " is sometimes used synonymously with " taxonomy " and may be confused with " scientific classification ".

Eris, at the time thought to be the largest TNO, was discovered in 2005, revisiting a long-running dispute within the scientific community over the classification of large TNOs, and whether objects like Pluto can be considered planets.

* May 1 – Species Plantarum is published by Linnaeus ( adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as the formal start date of the scientific classification of plants ).

See scientific classification and nomenclature codes for more details of this system.

" In an article published in 1994 by American psychiatrist Thomas Szasz on the Journal of Medical Ethics he stated that " the classification by slave owners and slave traders of certain individuals as Negroes was scientific, in the sense that whites were rarely classified as blacks.

It is a scientific discipline that encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human tumors, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to develop cancer, and the environmental and lifestyle factors implicated in carcinogenesis.

Milton Hildebrand pioneered the scientific analysis and the classification of gaits.

In scientific classification used in biology, the order () is

Thus far, they have only achieved the formal classification of the phenomena with an elaborate nomenclature — yet do not understand what such activities really mean in a strictly scientific sense.

Colloquial use of the term dog breed, however, does not conform to scientific standards of taxonomic classification.

His idea of applying the scientific method of classification to psychical phenomena gave scientific character to his work, the value of which was enhanced by his methodical exposition and his command of illustration.

* Lithic analysis – the analysis of stone tools using basic scientific techniques

However, the various preconditions for the development at Ford stretched far back into the 19th century, from the gradual realization of the dream of interchangeability, to the concept of reinventing workflow and job descriptions using analytical methods ( the most famous example being scientific management ).

The general consensus in the scientific community, however, was to associate this type of complexity with Kolmogorov, who was concerned with randomness of a sequence, while Algorithmic Probability became associated with Solomonoff, who focused on prediction using his invention of the universal a priori probability distribution.

" This local zinc was used in speltering and allowed greater control over the zinc content of brass and the production of high zinc copper alloys which would have been difficult or impossible to produce using cementation, for use in expensive objects such as scientific instruments, clocks, brass buttons and costume jewellery.

Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes ; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information ; doing scientific studies using computers ; making computer systems behave intelligently ; creating and using communications and entertainment media ; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on.

Modern scientific investigations into consciousness are based on psychological experiments ( including, for example, the investigation of priming effects using subliminal stimuli ), and on case studies of alterations in consciousness produced by trauma, illness, or drugs.

Though controversial ( with many traditional herpetologists still using Bufo marinus ) the binomial Rhinella marina is gaining in acceptance with such bodies as the IUCN, Encyclopaedia of Life, Amphibian Species of the World and increasing numbers of scientific publications adopting its usage.

In 1978 the magician and scientific sceptic James Randi and a team from the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal examined the photographs, using a " computer enhancement process ".

** A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific method.

Anton and Phelps have provided a detailed HOWTO to conduct the performance evaluation of the business, whereas others are using various scientific technologies to do the jobs.

In 1884 he met Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, both of whom relied on a more “ scientific ” theory of painting by using very small patches of pure colors to create the illusion of blended colors and shading when viewed from a distance.

In 1973, Texas Instruments ( TI ) introduced the SR-10, ( SR signifying slide rule ) an algebraic entry pocket calculator using scientific notation for $ 150.

He pursued his interest in behaviour by encouraging his protégé George Romanes, who investigated animal learning and intelligence using an anthropomorphic method, anecdotal cognitivism, that did not gain scientific support.

In scientific use the term empirical refers to the gathering of data using only evidence that is observable by the senses or in some cases using calibrated scientific instruments.

Accurate analysis of data using standardized statistical methods in scientific studies is critical to determining the validity of empirical research.

The euphonium has an extensive range, comfortably from E2 to about D5 for intermediate players ( using scientific pitch notation ).

* 1921: The French Academy of the Sciences recommends using Esperanto for international scientific communication.

Aubrey's vivid account, which portrays Bacon as a martyr to experimental scientific method, had him journeying to Highgate through the snow with the King's physician when he is suddenly inspired by the possibility of using the snow to preserve meat: " They were resolved they would try the experiment presently.

Among other things, Schroeder attempts to reconcile a six day creation as described in Genesis with the scientific evidence that the world is billions of years old using the idea that the perceived flow of time for a given event in an expanding universe varies with the observer ’ s perspective of that event.

It was the first underwater archaeology operation using autonomous diving, opening the way for scientific underwater archaeology.

The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated ; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found.