For the simple electric dipole given above, the electric dipole moment points from the negative charge towards the positive charge, and has a magnitude equal to the strength of each charge times the separation between the charges.

* Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge ( examples: triboelectric effect and lightning )

* Filtration differs from adsorption, where it is not the physical size of particles that causes separation but the effects of surface charge.

The amber becomes electrified by triboelectric effect, mechanical separation of charge in a dielectric.

The electric convection field causes charge separation at the magnetopause.

When a chlorophyll molecule at the core of the photosystem II reaction center obtains sufficient excitation energy from the adjacent antenna pigments, an electron is transferred to the primary electron-acceptor molecule, pheophytin, through a process called photoinduced charge separation.

In a piezoelectric device, mechanical stress, instead of an externally applied voltage, causes the charge separation in the individual atoms of the material,.

The charge separation leads to an electric field and an additional drift, in this case outward ( away from the axis of rotation ) for both ions and electrons.

The mechanism of action when the diode is off has to do with the separation of charge carriers around the junction.

Their separation is a direct indication of the net charge stored on them.

If the aircraft carrying the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs had been within the intense nuclear radiation zone when the bombs exploded over those cities, then they would have suffered effects from the charge separation ( radial ) EMP.

Their parents were allowed to visit, but if those in charge of the Children's Wing suspected a parent and child were bonding too closely, the community would enforce a period of separation.

Some manufacturers and third-party parts suppliers offer preventative maintenance kits specific to each printer model ; such kits generally include a fuser and may also include pickup rollers, feed rollers, transfer rollers, charge rollers, and separation pads.

Research further suggests that crystals which display triboluminescence must lack symmetry ( in order to permit charge separation ) and be poor conductors.

Depending upon the atomic and molecular composition of the crystal, when the crystal fractures a charge separation can occur making one side of the fractured crystal positively charged and the other side negatively charged.

Like in triboluminescence, if the charge separation results in a large enough electric potential, a discharge across the gap and through the bath gas between the interfaces can occur.

Amber, for example, can acquire an electric charge by contact and separation ( or friction ) with a material like wool.

The mechanism by which charge separation happens is still the subject of research.

There are several hypotheses for the origin of charge separation .< ref >

In the case of a battery, charge separation that gives rise to a voltage difference is accomplished by chemical reactions at the electrodes ; a voltaic cell can be thought of as having a " charge pump " of atomic dimensions at each electrode, that is:

The constitution, adopted by referendum in 2005, and promulgated by President Joseph Kabila in February 2006, establishes a decentralized semi-presidential republic, with a separation of powers between the three branches of government-executive, legislative and judiciary, and a distribution of prerogatives between the central government and the provinces.

The internal workings of the FSM are governed by the 1979 constitution, which guarantees fundamental human rights and establishes a separation of governmental powers.

The Vesting Clauses thus establishes the principle of separation of powers by specifically giving to each branch of the federal government only those powers it can exercise and no others.

Although the Commonwealth Constitution establishes the principle of separation of powers for the Commonwealth, it is not extended to states.

The Colorado Constitution establishes a system of government based on the separation of powers doctrine with power divided among three " departments ": executive, legislative and judicial.

Power is divided among the executive, the legislative and judicial branches ; the Constitution establishes the balancing and interaction of these branches, rather than their rigid separation.

That means that each component establishes a different concentration in the vapor and liquid phases at each of the stages, and this results in the separation of the components.

* An electric dipole is a separation of positive and negative charges.

A point ( electric ) dipole is the limit obtained by letting the separation tend to 0 while keeping the dipole moment fixed.

Gels suppress the thermal convection caused by application of the electric field, and can also act as a sieving medium, retarding the passage of molecules ; gels can also simply serve to maintain the finished separation, so that a post electrophoresis stain can be applied.

Electrolysis is the passage of a direct electric current through an ionic substance that is either molten or dissolved in a suitable solvent, resulting in chemical reactions at the electrodes and separation of materials.

Within the range of gamma ray deposition, simple laws no longer hold as the air is ionised and there are other EMP effects, such as a radial electric field due to the separation of Compton electrons from air molecules, together with other complex phenomena.

Charge separation and accumulation continue until the electrical potential becomes sufficient to initiate a lightning discharge, which occurs when the distribution of positive and negative charges forms a sufficiently strong electric field.

Charge separation takes place within the generator, with electrons flowing away from one terminal and toward the other, until, in the open-circuit case, sufficient electric field builds up to make further movement unfavorable.

This equation involves the electrostatic electric field due to charge separation E < sub > cs </ sub > and does not involve ( for example ) any non-conservative component of electric field due to Faraday's law of induction.

In the case of an open circuit, the electric charge that has been separated by the mechanism generating the emf creates an electric field opposing the separation mechanism.

If the light bulb is removed ( open circuit ) the emf between the electrodes is opposed by the electric field due to charge separation, and the reactions stop.

Static electricity is often generated through tribocharging, the separation of electric charges that occurs when two materials are brought into contact and then separated.

Any dielectric material develops a dielectric polarization ( electrostatics ) when an electric field is applied, but a substance which has such a natural charge separation even in the absence of a field is called a polar material.

Because protons are negligibly pressured by the analog of Thomson scattering, due to their larger mass, the result is to create a slight charge separation and therefore a radially directed electric field, acting to lift the positive charges, which are typically free protons under the conditions in stellar atmospheres.

Permanent magnets find application in electric motors, magnetic recording media ( e. g. hard drives, floppy disks, or magnetic tape ) and magnetic separation.

In chemistry, polarity refers to a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment.