Members of the Koka school of shinobi ( ninja ) were trained in disguise, escape, concealment, explosives, medicines and poison ; moreover, they were expert in techniques of unarmed combat and in the use of various weapons.

It was around this time that the word shinobi appeared to define and clearly identify ninja as a secretive group of agents.

Throughout history the shinobi have been seen as assassins, scouts and spies.

Evidence for this can be seen in historical documents, which began to refer to stealthy soldiers as shinobi during the Sengoku period.

By the Sengoku period, the shinobi had several roles, including spy ( kanchō ), scout ( teisatsu ), surprise attacker ( kishu ), and agitator ( konran ).

The word shinobi appears in the written record as far back as the late 8th century in poems in the Man ' yōshū.

Later, the 14th century war chronicle Taiheiki contained many references to shinobi, and credited the destruction of a castle by fire to an unnamed but " highly skilled shinobi ".

The classic black ninja outfit ( the shinobi shōzoku ) is said to have derived from bunraku ( not noh theatre ); Bunraku prop handlers would dress in black in order to be less conspicuous to an audience as they moved props around the stage area.

In the West, the word ninja became more prevalent than shinobi in the post-World War II culture, possibly because it was more comfortable for Western speakers.

When the fire attack did not begin as scheduled, the Iga men told the commanders, who were not from the region, that they could not possibly understand the tactics of the shinobi.

Other clans, such as the Iga and the Kōga joined to fight and tried to eliminate them, but even then, the Fūma shinobi clan remained the most mighty and tactical.

However, these records take place at a very early stage of Japanese history, and they are unlikely to be connected to the shinobi of later accounts.

A number of shinobi manuals, often centered around Chinese military philosophy, were written in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notably the Bansenshukai ( 1676 ).

In the native kun ' yomi kanji reading, it is pronounced shinobi, a shortened form of the transcription shinobi-no-mono ( 忍の者 ).

sometimes used interchangeably with the term is the martial art, strategy, and tactics of unconventional warfare and guerrilla warfare as well as the art of espionage purportedly practiced by the shinobi ( commonly known outside of Japan as ninja ).

is a general term describing the traditional Japanese martial arts of throwing shuriken, which are small, hand-held weapons used primarily by the shinobi in feudal Japan, such as metal spikes bō shuriken, circular plates of metal known as hira shuriken, and knives ( tantō ).

In the 1920 typical edition of the Roman Missal Philomena is mentioned, under 11 August ( with an indication that the Mass for her feastday was to be taken entirely from the common, so that there was no part, not even the collect, that was proper to her ) in the section headed " Masses for some places ", i. e. only those places for which it had been specially authorized.

He belonged to the school of Kean rather than of Kemble ; but, if his tastes were better disciplined and in some respects more refined than those of Kean, his natural temperament did not permit him to give proper effect to the great tragic parts of Shakespeare, King Lear perhaps excepted, which afforded scope for his pathos and tenderness, the qualities in which he specially excelled.

This disastrous collision was thus due to want of discipline on the part of the signalmen, first by changing duty at an unauthorised hour, which caused Tinsley to be occupied in writing up the Train Register Book, and so diverted his attention from his proper work, secondly by Meakin handing over the duty in a very lax manner ; and, thirdly by both signalmen neglecting to carry out various rules specially framed for preventing accidents due to forgetfulness on the part of signalmen.

He never quite forgave Harold Macmillan for forgetting, during a visit to Corio, to give proper thanks for a rug specially woven by local mills in the Macmillan tartan.

It spread to schools, first using school walls, and later with proper four-wall courts being specially constructed for the game.

" protections against " cruel and unusual punishments ", baseless search and seizure, and the guarantees of a trial by jury, freedom of the press, freedom of religion (" all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion "), and " the proper, natural, and safe defence of a free state " rested in a well regulated militia composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, that standing armies in time of peace, should be avoided as dangerous to liberty ; Article 8 protects a person against " being deprived of his liberty except by the law of the land " which later evolved into the due process clause in the federal Bill of Rights.

All personnel must be trained in the techniques shoplifters use to steal merchandise and the proper actions to take.

The division also controlled air refueling and ECM missions, and trained personnel of the Japanese Air Self Defense Force in flying operations, radar operations and maintenance, and proper radio procedures.

Secret revolutionary grouplets called " cells " were to be trained in Canton and returned to Vietnam proper to conduct activity.

Mälzel's problem was finding a proper director for the machine, having trained an unknown woman in France before coming to the United States.

Training began immediately, but a shortage of proper equipment and training facilities, as well as bureaucratic difficulties, meant that only a small number of volunteers could immediately be trained as parachute troops.

As with any other general anesthetic agent, propofol should be administered only where appropriately trained staff and facilities for monitoring are available, as well as proper airway management, a supply of supplemental oxygen, artificial ventilation and cardiovascular resuscitation.

This plan was based on Wavell ′ s intelligence information ( which was poor due to shortages of proper equipment and trained pilots needed for photographic reconnaissance ), which incorrectly indicated that 2 / 3 of the Germans ′ tank strength was situated around Tobruk ; this would have placed him at a decisive material advantage on the frontier region.

They are " Group B " members of the Territorial Army, the same group as CCF ( Army ) and ACF officers, in common with whom they are neither trained nor liable for mobilised ( active ) service from October 2009 to April 2010 UOTC Officer cadets were not paid for undertaking training, although since April 2010 payment has been re-started they do not receive the same annual bounty payment as members of the Territorial Army proper.

A proper teacher would have been trained in the teachings of the ancient sage kings who saw that human nature was inherently immoral and thus wrong.

Orators were trained not only on proper diction, but on the proper use of gestures, stance, and dress.

The venture was mildly successful and was based on the model where consumers wishing to get discreet anonymous testing for STD's could contact would contact a live trained operator who would listen to the customers concerns and be able to recommend the proper testing and screening panels.

LUMS Emergency Medical Services, in collaboration with Rescue 1122 Pakistan, is a proper university department which is organized, managed, and run by LUMS student volunteers who are trained and certified in First Aid and CPR to serve as First Responders to any campus medical emergency.

Engine-off landings are generally safe, provided that the aircraft is within glide range of a suitable landing zone and the pilot is properly trained in the use of proper " Flare " technique.

Efficiently using prototyping requires that an organization have proper tools and a staff trained to use those tools.

The movie was filmed in Portugal and several Royal Marine establishments with the Commandant-General Royal Marines ensuring the actors were trained in proper drill and canoe handling.

These samples need to be taken carefully by trained personnel to ensure proper analysis and reduce the risks of zoonoses.

Isometrically, the lower back, the upper back, the abdominals, the trunk muscles, the costal muscles, and the shoulders and arms are all essential to the exercise and thus are trained when squatting with proper form.

Paine takes great lengths to state that Americans do not lack force, but " a proper application of that force "-implying throughout that an extended war can lead only to defeat unless a stable army was composed not of militia but of trained professionals.

Pianos are difficult to move and should only be moved by a professional who is careful, properly trained, insured, and has the proper equipment.

Prokarin ™ must be compounded by an EDMS licensed pharmacy, trained in its ’ proper formulation.

Reports without physical proof are considered dubious if from non-scientists, as such individuals may at worst be more interested in promoting themselves or telling a good tale, or at the least may not be sufficiently trained in proper measurement methods.

Congressman Phil Gingrey, who is trained in obstetrics and gynecology, stated that, " The tragedy of the situation is that with proper treatment, now denied, Terri's condition can improve ".