* Exposure value, a combination of shutter speed and aperture in photography

* Taking pictures without flash by increasing the ambient lighting, opening the lens aperture, using a faster film or detector, or reducing the shutter speed.

The motion of a candle flame shot with slow shutter speed and large aperture.

Image: Jonquil flowers at f32. jpg | 32 – small aperture and slow shutter

Image: Jonquil flowers at f5. jpg | 5. 6 – large aperture and fast shutter

The size of the aperture and the brightness of the scene controls the amount of light that enters the camera during a period of time, and the shutter controls the length of time that the light hits the recording surface.

Equivalent exposures can be made with a larger aperture and a faster shutter speed or a corresponding smaller aperture and with the shutter speed slowed down.

The original box Brownie models had a small reflex viewfinder mounted on the top of the camera and had no aperture or focusing controls and just a simple shutter.

* Exposure value, a value given to all combinations of camera shutter speed and aperture that gives the same exposure

Multiple combinations of shutter speed and aperture can give the same exposure: halving the shutter speed doubles the exposure ( 1 EV more ), while doubling the aperture size ( halving the focal number ) increases the exposure area by a factor of 4 ( 2 EV ).

Adjustment to the aperture controls the depth of field, the distance range over which objects are acceptably sharp ; such adjustments need to be compensated by changes in the shutter speed.

In early days of photography, available shutter speeds were not standardized, though a typical sequence might have been 1 / 10 s, 1 / 25 s, 1 / 50 s, 1 / 100 s, 1 / 200 s and 1 / 500 s. Following the adoption of a standardized way of representing aperture so that each major step exactly doubled or halved the amount of light entering the camera ( 2. 8, 4, 5. 6, 8, 11, 16, etc.

), a standardized 2: 1 scale was adopted for shutter speed so that opening one aperture stop and reducing the shutter speed by one step resulted in the identical exposure.

It allows the photographer to choose a shutter speed setting and allow the camera to decide the correct aperture.

The basic rule is, " On a sunny day set aperture to and shutter speed to the of the ISO film speed ISO setting for a subject in direct sunlight.

* On a sunny day and with ISO 100 film / setting in the camera, one sets the aperture to f / 16 and the shutter speed to 1 / 100 or 1 / 125 second ( on some cameras 1 / 125 second is the available setting nearest to 1 / 100 second ).

* On a sunny day with ISO 200 film / setting and aperture at f / 16, set shutter speed to 1 / 200 or 1 / 250.

The fast-opening of the shutter consists of a piece of aluminum foil ( approximately Af ) placed directly in front of the camera lens so that no light may pass into the camera.

However, factors such as forced or non-standard development ( such as bleach bypass or cross processing ), compensation for filters or shutter angle, as well as intended under-and over-exposure may cause the cinematographer to actually " rate " the stock differently from the EI.

Professional medium format SLR cameras ( typically using 120 / 220 roll film ) use a hybrid solution, since such a large focal-plane shutter would be difficult to make and / or may run slowly.

To take a picture, the leaf shutter closes, the blind opens, the leaf shutter opens then closes again, and finally the blind closes and the leaf shutter re-opens ( the last step may only occur when the shutter is re-cocked ).

For example an exposure of 1 / 1000 second may be achieved by the shutter curtains moving across the film plane in 1 / 50th of a second but with the two curtains only separated by 1 / 20th of the frame width.

Because a pinhole camera requires a lengthy exposure, its shutter may be manually operated, as with a flap made of light-proof material to cover and uncover the pinhole.

This may be a mechanical device such as a shutter, chopper wheel, or spinning mirror / prism placed inside the cavity, or ( more commonly ) it may be some form of modulator such as an acousto-optic device or an electro-optic device — a Pockels cell or Kerr cell.

A shutter, to regulate the time during which light may pass, may be incorporated within the lens assembly ( for better quality imagery ), within the camera, or even, rarely, in front of the lens.

In electronic digital cameras the mechanism is usually a programmable electronic timing circuit, which may take input from a mechanical shutter contact in some cameras.

Due to their construction, focal plane shutters, as used on most SLRs, only allow normal xenon flash units to be used at shutter speeds slow enough that the entire shutter is open at once, typically at shutter speeds of 1 / 60 or slower, although some modern cameras may have an X-sync speed as high as 1 / 500 ( e. g. Nikon's D40 DSLRs ).

The little sacristan, having secured his audience, … lighted a couple of extra candles and proceeded to remove from above the altar, by means of a crank, a sort of sliding shutter, just as you may see a shop-boy do of a morning at his master's window.

Since the rotation may take several seconds to complete, no matter the shutter speed, the camera should be tripod mounted.

Also key is the way the operation of the shutter is completely independent from the film transport, so a given frame may be exposed a number of different times, or not at all.

Because of the very high speeds with which the shutter may be operated, combined with a light amplification capability, Gated image tubes can even see the travel of light.

An adaptation of the curtain may be a blind or, in warmer countries, a wooden Window shutter that is fixed to the outside of the building to provide privacy and still keep the building cool inside.

This is not necessarily a usage problem ; for some types of displays which are already very bright with poor grayish black levels, LCD shutter glasses may actually improve the image quality.

For example, an EV of 10 may be achieved with an aperture ( f-number ) of 2. 8 and a shutter speed of 1 / 125 s. The same exposure is achieved by doubling the aperture area to 2 and halving the exposure time to 1 / 250 s, or by halving the aperture area to 4 and doubling the exposure time to 1 / 60 s ; in each case the response of the film is expected to be the same.

In physical film systems, it is necessary to pull down the film frame, and this pulling-down needs to be obscured by a shutter to avoid the appearance of blurring ; therefore, there needs to be at least one flicker per frame in film.

They also have far less shutter lag, allowing photographs to be timed more precisely.

Other focal-plane shutter designs, such as the Copal Square, travelled vertically-the shorter travelling distance of 24 millimetres ( as opposed to 36 mm horizontally ) meant that minimum exposure and flash synchronisation times could be reduced.

Another shutter system is the leaf shutter, whereby the shutter is constructed of diaphragm-like blades and can be situated either between the lens or behind the lens.

A primary example of a medium-format SLR with a between-the-lens leaf shutter system would be Hasselblad, with their 500C, 500CM, 500 EL-M ( a motorized Hasselblad ) and other models ( producing a 6 cm square negative ).

Whether or not underground, it needs to be housed in a pipe that is vacuum pumped in order to prevent internal air drag, such as with a mechanical shutter kept closed most of the time but a plasma window used during the moments of firing to prevent loss of vacuum.

As more sensitive photographic materials became available, cameras began to incorporate mechanical shutter mechanisms that allowed very short and accurately timed exposures to be made.

A blind inside the camera covers the film prior to and after the exposure ( but is not designed to be able to give accurately controlled exposure times ) and a leaf shutter that is normally open is installed in the lens.

A flap of cardboard with a tape hinge can be used as a shutter.

In particular, compact 35 mm cameras whose lens and focusing assembly have been damaged can be reused as pinhole cameras — maintaining the use of the shutter and film winding mechanisms.

The 1000F was named after its reduced shortest shutter speed of 1 / 1000 s. The 1000F has a different shutter mechanism and proved to be more reliable and robust than its predecessor.

As before, the metal shutter curtains proved to be quite easily damaged by clumsy fingers, which is why all 2000-series cameras except the 2000FC have a safety feature that retracts the shutter curtains as soon as the magazine is taken off.

The shutter of the camera can be released in several ways, depending on the type of camera and complexity of the rig electronics, if used.