Structurally they can be classified according to the functional groups ' locations as alpha-( α -), beta-( β -), gamma-( γ -) or delta-( δ -) amino acids ; other categories relate to polarity, acid / base / neutral, and side chain group type ( including: aliphatic, acyclic, hydroxyl or sulphur-containing, aromatic ).

It is this deprotonation that allows the serine side chain to act as a nucleophile and bind to the electron-deficient carbonyl carbon of the protein main chain.

In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages, the 3 ' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein ( the terminal protein ) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand.

In the formulas, the symbols R and R ' usually denote an attached hydrogen, or a hydrocarbon side chain of any length, but may sometimes refer to any group of atoms.

The two carbon atoms in the chain that are bound next to either side of the double bond can occur in a cis or trans configuration.

There are two ways the double bond may be arranged: the isomer with both parts of the chain on the same side of the double bond ( the cis-isomer ), or the isomer with the parts of the chain on opposite sides of the double bond ( the trans-isomer ).

A branched polymer molecule is composed of a main chain with one or more substituent side chains or branches.

* Graft or grafted copolymers contain side chains that have a different composition or configuration than the main chain.

This has the effect of lowering the electron density on one side of a polymer chain, creating a slight positive dipole on this side.

This skeleton has the molecular formula R-C < sub > 9 </ sub > H < sub > 11 </ sub > N < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 4 </ sub > S, where R is a variable side chain.

All proteinogenic amino acids possess common structural features, including an α-carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain are bonded.

Extremely minor chemical changes such as the addition of a single methyl group to a binding partner can sometimes suffice to nearly eliminate binding ; for example, the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase specific to the amino acid valine discriminates against the very similar side chain of the amino acid isoleucine.

: In this modification, an asparagine or aspartate side chain attacks the following peptide bond, forming a symmetrical succinimide intermediate.

Methylation does not alter the positive charge on the side chain, however.

: A relatively rare modification that adds an extra carboxylate group ( and, hence, a double negative charge ) to a glutamate side chain, producing a Gla residue.

Later work on modification of histones led to the identification of an unexpected covalent modification of the histone protein by a bond between a lysine side chain of the histone and the C-terminal glycine residue of ubiquitin, a protein that had no known function.

Vitamin K < sub > 2 </ sub > homologs ( menaquinones ) are characterized by the number of isoprenoid residues in their side chain.

Menaquinones are abbreviated MK-n, where n represents the number of isoprenoid side chain residues.

For example, menaquinone-4 ( abbreviated MK-4 ), has four isoprene residues in its side chain.

All members of the vitamin K group of vitamins share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure ( menadione ), and vary in the aliphatic side chain attached at the 3-position ( see figure 1 ).

Phylloquinone ( also known as vitamin K < sub > 1 </ sub >) invariably contains in its side chain four isoprenoid residues, one of which is unsaturated.

On its west side the Limmat valley is flanked by the wooded heights of the Albis chain, which runs along the western border.

Structurally, all retinoids also possess a β-ionone ring and a polyunsaturated side chain, with either an alcohol, aldehyde, a carboxylic acid group or an ester group.

The amide derivatives that are obtained by Beckmann rearrangement can be transformed into a carboxylic acid by means of hydrolysis ( base or acid catalyzed ). And an amine by hoffman degradation of the amide in the presence of alkali hypoclorites at 80 degrees Celsius, the degradation is itself prone to side reactions namely, the formation of biurets or, cyanate polymers, To avoid this side reaction strict temperature control is necessary, the reaction must be conducted at sufficient temperature to isomerise the cyanate to the isocyante.

Unlike their parent sugars, aldaric acids have the same functional group at both ends of their carbon chain ; therefore, two different sugars can yield the same aldaric acid ( this can be understood by looking at the Fischer projection of a sugar upside down — with normal aldoses, this is a different compound due to the aldehyde function at the top and the hydroxyl function at the bottom, but with aldaric acids, there is a carboxylic acid function on both ends, so upside down and right side up do not matter ).

Elimination of side chain functionalities and removal of chiral centers was part of the simplification process and an intermediate compound ( ISP-I-28 ) with the carboxylic acid of myriocin transformed to a hydroxymethyl group was generated.

The side chains of the standard amino acids, detailed in the list of standard amino acids, have a great variety of chemical structures and properties ; it is the combined effect of all of the amino acid side chains in a protein that ultimately determines its three-dimensional structure and its chemical reactivity.

Chemical synthesis allows for the introduction of non-natural amino acids into polypeptide chains, such as attachment of fluorescent probes to amino acid side chains.

On the flip side, low acid levels can be a concern which make the wine taste " flabby " and dull.

Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that possess a catalytic subunit that transfers the gamma ( terminal ) phosphate from nucleotide triphosphates ( often ATP ) to one or more amino acid residues in a protein substrate side chain, resulting in a conformational change affecting protein function.

When wanted for use, the side initially brushed with silver nitrate was now brushed with a " gallo-nitrate of silver " solution consisting of silver nitrate, acetic acid and gallic acid, then lightly blotted and exposed in the camera.

The MG structure is believed to lack the close packing of amino acid side chains that characterize the native state ( N ) of a protein.

Key: Single letters: Amino acid # Table of standard amino acid abbreviations and side chain properties | amino acids.

In addition, there are also similar compounds contained in cannabis that do not exhibit any psychoactive response but are obligatory for functionality: cannabidiol ( CBD ), an isomer of THC ; cannabinol ( CBN ), an oxidation product of THC ; cannabivarin ( CBV ), an analog of CBN with a different sidechain, cannabidivarin ( CBDV ), an analog of CBD with a different side chain, and cannabinolic acid.

* Histidine, an amino acid with an imidazole side chain

This has had the side effect that the oil contains much less erucic acid.

In an acidic medium, is protonated to form arsine gas ( AsH < sub > 3 </ sub >), so adding sulfuric acid ( H < sub > 2 </ sub > SO < sub > 4 </ sub >) to each side of the equation we get:

The electrolytic or Wehnelt interrupter, invented by Arthur Wehnelt in 1899, consisted of a short platinum needle anode immersed in an electrolyte of dilute sulfuric acid, with the other side of the circuit connected to a lead plate cathode electrode.

Each amino acid side group has a limited volume to occupy and a limited number of possible interactions with other near-by side chains, a situation that must be taken into account in molecular modeling and alignments.

; active site: a localized combination of amino acid side groups within the tertiary ( three-dimensional ) or quaternary ( protein subunit ) structure that can interact with a chemically specific substrate and that provides the protein with biological activity.

Accurate packing of the amino acid side chains represents a separate problem in protein structure prediction.