One of its leaders, Joaquín Infante, drafted Cuba's first constitution, declaring the island a sovereign state, presuming the rule of the countries ' wealthy, maintaining slavery as long as it was necessary for agriculture, establishing a social classification based on skin colour and declaring Catholicism the official religion.

A greater variety of colour was often provided by tying on the onion skin with different coloured woollen yarn.

Denmark prohibits hate speech, and defines it as publicly making statements by which a group is threatened (), insulted () or degraded () due to race, skin colour, national or ethnic origin, faith or sexual orientation.

Anyone who in a ridiculing, slanderous, insulting, threatening or any other manner publicly assaults a person or a group of people on the basis of their nationality, skin colour, race, religion or sexual orientation, shall be fined or jailed for up to 2 years.

Norway prohibits hate speech, and defines it as publicly making statements that threaten or ridicule someone or that incite hatred, persecution or contempt for someone due to their skin colour, ethnic origin, homosexual orientation, religion or philosophy of life.

Sweden prohibits hate speech, and defines it as publicly making statements that threaten or express disrespect for an ethnic group or similar group regarding their race, skin colour, national or ethnic origin, faith or sexual orientation.

The statutes forbid communication which is hateful, threatening, abusive, or insulting and which targets a person on account of skin colour, race, disability, nationality ( including citizenship ), ethnic or national origin, religion, or sexual orientation.

British colonizers instituted segregation based on skin colour: Whites were first-class citizens, Indians ( who had been brought to Kenya to work on the East African Railway as slaves, were second-class citizens, and native Kenyans were third-class citizens.

Their skin varies in colour depending on the subspecies, with some having light or dark gray skin and others having pinkish or even reddish skin.

The affected and ‘ ghettoised ’ communities are often largely representative of Pakistanis, Indians and other Sub-Continentals as well as Afro-Caribbeans and other blacks, with skin colour often being a determinant, although the percentage of The United Kingdom's working and poorer class is predominantly white.

Heyerdahl attempted to counter the linguistic argument with the analogy that, guessing the origin of African-Americans, he would prefer to believe that they came from Africa, judging from their skin colour, and not from England, judging from their speech.

Human skin colour is primarily due to the presence of melanin in the skin.

Variation in natural skin colour is mainly due to genetics, although the evolutionary causes are not completely certain.

According to scientific studies, natural human skin colour diversity within populations is highest in Sub-Saharan African populations, with skin reflectance values ranging from 19 to 46 ( med.

The natural skin colour can be darkened as a result of tanning due to exposure to sunlight.

The leading theory is that skin colour adapts to intense sunlight irradiation to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction which produces damage and thus mutations in the DNA of the skin cells.

Other factors that can modify skin colour include protection from ambient temperature, infections, skin cancer or frostbite, an alteration in food, and sexual selection.

The social significance of differences in skin colour has varied across cultures and over time, as demonstrated with regard to social status and racism.

On land, amphibians are restricted to moist habitats because of the need for their skin to be kept damp.

Caecilians are unique among amphibians in having mineralized dermal scales embedded in the dermis between the furrows in the skin.

Gas exchange can take place through the skin and this allows adult amphibians to respire without rising to the surface of water and to hibernate at the bottom of ponds.

To compensate for their thin and delicate skin, amphibians have evolved mucous glands, principally on their heads, backs and tails.

In aquatic amphibians, the liver plays only a small role in processing nitrogen for excretion, and ammonia is diffused mainly through the skin.

Most amphibians, however, are able to exchange gases with the water or air via their skin.

A number of causes are believed to be involved, including habitat destruction and modification, over-exploitation, pollution, introduced species, climate change, endocrine-disrupting pollutants, destruction of the ozone layer ( ultraviolet radiation has shown to be especially damaging to the skin, eyes, and eggs of amphibians ), and diseases like chytridiomycosis.

Some amphibians are able to absorb oxygen through their skin.

This is not a very efficient arrangement, but amphibians have low metabolic demands and also frequently supplement their oxygen supply by diffusion across the moist outer skin of their bodies.

A toad is any of a number of species of amphibians in the order Anura ( frogs ) characterized by dry, leathery skin, short legs, and snout-like parotoid glands.

Most amphibians do not drink at all, but slowly absorb water through direct skin contact.

Other animals, such as insects, have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features, and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange.

Both the lungs and the skin serve as respiratory organs in amphibians.

A popular theory is the fungus hardens the skin of amphibians which hinders respiration.

The upper and lower jaws are covered with sensory pits, visible as small, black speckles on the skin, the crocodilian version of the lateral organ seen in fish and many amphibians, though arising from a completely different origin.

Melatonin is related to the mechanism by which some amphibians and reptiles change the color of their skin and, indeed, it was in this connection the substance first was discovered.

Like some amphibians and marine snakes, softshells are able to extract a small amount of oxygen out of water via their skin, further enabling them to stay underwater for prolonged periods.

Both the lungs and the skin serve as respiratory organs in amphibians.

Like other living amphibians, the skin contains glands that secrete a toxin to deter predators.

However, unlike modern amphibians, Eryops probably could not respire effectively through its skin, as its large size would have resulted in a low surface area to volume ratio.

In lower vertebrates ( fish, amphibians ) MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color.

Bufotoxins are a family of toxic substances found in the parotoid glands, skin and venom of many toads ( genus Bufo ); other amphibians ; and some plants and mushrooms.

Maceration is an alternative to the Dermestes method in which skin beetles are used to clean the flesh off of the corpse, a method which is used with corpses of small mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, because these animals ' bones tend to fall apart in many tiny parts.