In the first ( that is employed by the majority of bacteria, some archaea, yeasts, algae and fungi ), organic compounds are accumulated in the cytoplasm – these osmoprotectants are known as compatible solutes.

The most common compatible solutes are neutral or zwitterionic and include amino acids, sugars, polyols, betaines and ectoines, as well as derivatives of some of these compounds.

The loss of these solutes causes an increase in water potential, which results in the diffusion of water back out of the cell by osmosis.

Most of these functions concern the reabsorption and secretion of various solutes such as ions ( e. g., sodium ), carbohydrates ( e. g., glucose ), and amino acids ( e. g., glutamate ).

Vascular tissues are used to move hormones from one part of the plant to another ; these include sieve tubes or phloem that move sugars from the leaves to the roots and flowers, and xylem that moves water and mineral solutes from the roots to the foliage.

When the solution reaches an air-filled cave, a discharge of carbon dioxide may alter the water's ability to hold these minerals in solution, causing its solutes to precipitate.

Macromolecular structure and function is dependent on the net effect of these forces ( see protein folding ), therefore it follows that an increase in chaotropic solutes in a biological system will denature macromolecules, reduce enzymatic activity and induce stress on a cell ( i. e., a cell will have to synthesize stress protectants ).

It moves these solutes from epidermis cells through the cortex into the endodermis and eventually the pericycle, where it can be moved into the xylem for long distance transport.

This doesn't mean that it is essentially continuous with the cytosol in terms of the solutes relevant for the functioning of these organelles.

Furthermore, the water sample must be free of any solutes that will oxidize or reduce iodine.

* Increases blood flow through the vasa recta which will wash the solutes ( NaCl and urea ) out of the medullary interstitium.

A larger dialyzer with a larger membrane area ( A ) will usually remove more solutes than a smaller dialyzer, especially at high blood flow rates.

If the cell can pump out enough solutes so that an isotonic environment can be achieved, there will be no net movement of water.

The water and smaller solutes in a hypotonic solution ( a solution that has a lesser solute concentration than the solution it is referenced to ) will cross a semi-permeable membrane, like dialysis tubing, into a hypertonic solution ( a solution that has a higher solute concentration than the solution it is referenced to ) in an attempt to reach equilibrium, where the solute concentration of each solution is in equilibrium.

If the mobile phase is changed to a more polar solvent or mixture of solvents, it is more capable of dispelling solutes from the silica binding places and all compounds on the TLC plate will move higher up the plate.

In a typical scenario, an industrial process will use an extraction step in which solutes are transferred from the aqueous phase to the organic phase ; this is often followed by a scrubbing stage in which unwanted solutes are removed from the organic phase, then a stripping stage in which the wanted solutes are removed from the organic phase.

The solutes in the connate fluids often precipitate and reduce the porosity and permeability of the host rock, which can have important implications for its hydrocarbon prospectivity.

High glucose levels spill over into the urine, taking water and solutes ( such as sodium and potassium ) along with it in a process known as osmotic diuresis.

The advantage of molality over other mass-based fractions is the fact that the molality of one solute in a single-solvent solution is independent of the presence or absence of other solutes.

It is reduction in the diffusion pressure of water in solution or cell over its pure state due to presence of solutes in it and forces opposing diffusion.

The principal physiological function of the corneal endothelium is to allow leakage of solutes and nutrients from the aqueous humor to the more superficial layers of the cornea while at the same time actively pumping water in the opposite direction, from the stroma to the aqueous.

The first is spin speed and bowl diameter, the second is " sit time " in centrifuge, the third is solutes added, and the fourth is not as easily controllable: plasma volume and cellular content of the donor.

Over time the small amount of solutes in the water accumulate to form this linear salt pan.

Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, forming polar bonds or hydrogen bonds.

HILIC bonded phases have the advantage of separating acidic, basic and neutral solutes in a single chromatogram.

Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body.

The boiling and freezing points of water are affected by solutes, as well as air pressure, which is in turn affected by altitude.

The counter-current flow of the blood and dialysate maximizes the concentration gradient of solutes between the blood and dialysate, which helps to remove more urea and creatinine from the blood.

The two components of the mobile phase are typically termed " A " and " B "; A is the " weak " solvent which allows the solute to elute only slowly, while B is the " strong " solvent which rapidly elutes the solutes from the column.

Another related process is zone remelting, in which two solutes are distributed through a pure metal.

Since diffusion moves materials from an area of higher concentration to the lower, it is described as moving solutes " down the concentration gradient " ( compared with active transport, which often moves material from area of low concentration to area of higher concentration, and therefore referred to as moving the material " against the concentration gradient ").

In electrochemistry, the standard electrode potential, abbreviated E ° or E < sup >⦵</ sup > ( with a superscript plimsoll character, pronounced " standard " or " nought "), is the measure of individual potential of a reversible electrode at standard state, which is with solutes at an effective concentration of 1 mol dm < sup >− 3 </ sup >, and gases at a pressure of 1 atm.

In addition, it includes solutes such as ions and proteins, which are involved in wide variety of functions ranging from nutrient binding, transport, folding, degradation, substrate hydrolysis, to peptidoglycan synthesis, electron transport, and alteration of substances toxic to the cell ( xenobiotic metabolism ).

It was proposed that incorporation of amphiphilic and other interfacially active solutes ( e. g. general anaesthetics ) into the bilayer increases the lateral pressure selectively near the aqueous interfaces, which is compensated by a decrease in lateral pressure toward the centre of the bilayer.

The movements of most solutes through the membrane are mediated by membrane transport proteins which are specialized to varying degrees in the transport of specific molecules.

Depending on the concentration of solutes in the feed ( which dictates the necessary concentration of solutes in the draw ) and the intended use of the product of the FO process, this step may be all that is required.

Typically, the draw solutes are sugars such as glucose or fructose, which provide the additional benefit of nutrition to the user of the FO device.

In the case where the desired product is fresh water which does not contain draw solutes, a second separation step is required.

" Since the cornea is avascular, which renders it optimally transparent, the nutrition of the corneal epithelium, stromal keratocytes, and corneal endothelium must occur via diffusion of glucose and other solutes from the aqueous humor, across the corneal endothelium.

Other organisms pump solutes out of their cytosol, which brings the solute concentration closer to that of their environment and slows down the process of water's diffusion into the cell, preventing cytolysis.

This movement is in contrast to primary active transport, in which all solutes are moved against their concentration gradients, fueled by ATP.

# Apoplast was previously defined as " everything but the symplast, consisting of cell walls and spaces between cells in which water and solutes can move freely ".

The symplast of a plant is the inner side of the plasma membrane in which water ( and low-molecular-weight solutes ) can freely diffuse.

Water changes are used to maintain balance of calcium, carbonate alkalinity, and magnesium which are rapidly depleted in a reef aquarium, while also maintaining levels of other trace elements as well as removing toxic solutes which may accumulate from many different sources and cannot be removed by even advanced filtration methods.