Koo argues that it was massive fiscal stimulus ( borrowing and spending by the government ) that offset this decline and enabled Japan to maintain its level of GDP.

The argument mostly centers on crowding out, whether government borrowing leads to higher interest rates that may offset the stimulative impact of spending.

The concept of a fiscal straitjacket is a general economic principle that suggests strict constraints on government spending and public sector borrowing, to limit or regulate the budget deficit over a time period.

He increased public spending, which soon became out of control, and led to increases in borrowing and taxation at an unacceptable level.

The resulting deficit spending must be financed from government reserves ( if any ) or net borrowing from private or foreign investors.

Starting in 1989 there were significant policy changes with economic reform, tax cuts, welfare reform, an increase in competition, and a ban on borrowing to fund current spending.

Government can pay for spending by borrowing ( for example, with government bonds ), although borrowing is a method of distributing tax burdens through time rather than a replacement for taxes.

Monetary policy differs from fiscal policy, which refers to taxation, government spending, and associated borrowing.

Interest costs are part of the cost of borrowing and as they rise, both firms and households will cut back on spending.

It's obvious, he said, " borrowing allows spending to be made that will yield immediate political payoffs without the incurring of any immediate political cost.

Then, with full adjustment of interest rates, the increased supply of loanable funds leads to an increase in borrowing and spending.

It is a plan for saving, borrowing and spending.

As the House of Hwang slowly declines due to opium use, frequent spending, and uncontrolled borrowing, Wang Lung, through his own hard work and the skill of his wife, O-Lan, slowly earns enough money to buy land from the Hwang family.

As a structural budget deficit continued, the government kept borrowing more, creditors continued to lend money, while the IMF suggested less state spending to stop the government's ongoing need to keep borrowing more and more.

As Minister of Finance, he attempted ( with only a limited degree of success ) to curtail the spending of the outgoing Premier, Joseph Ward, believing strongly in the need to reduce New Zealand's overseas borrowing.

A year passed with Vandalia still in limbo and Croghan, borrowing money and pawning his plate, spending Ł1, 365 for provisions and presents for 400 Indians who attended his November conference regarding the proposed colony.

Increased government revenue from a wealth tax coupled with restrained government spending would reduce government borrowing and so free more credit for the private sector to promote business.

This policy step would provide a basis for future confidence in the dollar and replace the current ill-advised policy of borrowing and spending which runs up the national debt and increases the future interest expense liability born by the nation's taxpayers.

Government spending can be financed by seigniorage, taxes, or government borrowing.

“ As real incomes rose, so public authorities were enabled ( and indeed encouraged ) to raise funds, both from taxation and through borrowing, to accelerate the rate of investment and current spending in projects which are partly immediately productive, partly conducive to the creation of the good life, as seen in Germany .... Any superficial examination of the German townscape, let alone perusal of the statistics, shows that Germany has spent sums on hospitals, libraries, theatres, schools, parks, railway-stations, socially-aided housing, underground railways, airports, museums, and so on which are simply not to be compared with British efforts in this direction .”

It examined government revenue, spending, and the level of Greek government borrowing.

An extremely irresponsible budget by the majority Fianna Fáil government in 1977, which included abolition of car tax and borrowing to fund current spending, combined with some global economic problems to ruin the Irish economy for most of the 1980s, causing high unemployment and mass emigration.

While accompanying Mallowan on countless archaeological trips ( spending up to 3 – 4 months at a time in Syria and Iraq at excavation sites at Ur, Ninevah, Tell Arpachiyah, Chagar Bazar, Tell Brak, and Nimrud ), Christie not only wrote novels and short stories, but also contributed work to the archaeological sites, more specifically to the archaeological restoration and labeling of ancient exhibits which includes tasks such as cleaning and conserving delicate ivory pieces, reconstructing pottery, developing photos from early excavations which later led to taking photographs of the site and its findings, and taking field notes.

However, these reforms led to higher government spending which increased the fiscal deficit and public sector debt, the financing of which required higher interest rates.

Not surprisingly, the " growth over profits " mentality and the aura of " new economy " invincibility led some companies to engage in lavish internal spending, such as elaborate business facilities and luxury vacations for employees.

The post-July 1978 military regime led by General Fred Akuffo attempted to deal with Ghana's economic problems by making small changes in the overvalued cedi and by restraining government spending and monetary growth.

Underlying the basis of the “ containment ” of Germany was the so-called “ X documents ” provided by Carl Friedrich Goerdeler over the course of the winter of 1938 – 39 which suggested that the German economy, under the strain of massive military spending was on the verge of collapse, and which led British policy-makers to the conclusion that if Hitler could be deterred from war and if his regime was “ contained ” long enough, then the German economy would collapse, and with it, presumably the Nazi regime.

The plan encountered sharp opposition in Congress, mostly from the portion of the Republican Party led by Robert A. Taft that advocated a more isolationist policy and was weary of massive government spending.

A combination of declining revenues and increased spending led to significant budget deficits.

However, public reaction to the Sputnik crisis led to the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency ( renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or DARPA in 1972 ), NASA, and an increase in U. S. government spending on scientific research and education.

This dependency on donors is controversial, and has led to laws limiting spending on political campaigns being enacted ( see campaign finance reform ).

From then until his wife's death in 1939, Stravinsky led a double life, spending some time with his first family and the rest with Vera.

This led to the scholarly monks of the abbey, chief among whom was Dom Paul Jausions, spending over half a century finding and copying the most ancient chant manuscripts.

In March 2011, Robinson participated in the ' March for the Alternative ' protests in Central London, which opposed the Conservative led Coalition UK Government's spending cuts programme.

The increased spending of the council led the national government to reduce and eventually end the GLC's central government grant as punishment.

The expansive macroeconomic policy, which aimed at the redistribution of wealth and the increase of spending to finance populist policies, led to inflation.

He also led a flamboyant life, and describes in his autobiography often spending time with Gypsy bands and adopting female clothing.

The Space Race sparked unprecedented increases in spending on education and pure research, which accelerated scientific advancements and led to beneficial spin-off technologies.

In spending £ 690, 000 to acquire a 69 percent majority stake in the club from a Monaco-based consortium led by Italian football agent, Antonio Caliendo, Ecclestone spent £ 150, 000 on his 15 percent, while Briatore bought 54 percent for £ 540, 000 through a British Virgin Islands registered company, Sarita Capital.

He led a Constitutional Study Mission abroad in 1882, spending most of his time in Germany.

Increased federal spending as a result of the New Deal in the 1930s led to the construction of new government buildings, memorials, and museums in Washington.

Its cost ( approximately $ 200, 000 ) led many in the community to criticize Davis for his free spending during the Great Depression.

Instead, CAP spending was kept within the remit of the EU – and France led an effort to agree a fixed arrangement for CAP spending that would not be changed until 2012.

By the late 1960s, the build-up of Iranian power under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who had gone on a gargantuan military spending spree, led Iran to take a more assertive stance in the Near East.

Indeed, this shift to the right in British politics led to the formation of a new consensus, which dominated politics until the 2010s ; both the Conservative and Labour Parties favoured lowering government spending, lowering taxation, and privatising industries and services that had hitherto been publicly owned.