Crassus personally killed their king, Deldo, in combat, a feat which qualified him for Rome's highest military honour, spolia opima, but Augustus refused to award it on a technicality.

Crassus was also denied the rare ( and in his case, technically permissible ) honour of dedicating the spolia opima of this campaign to Jupiter Feretrius.

* Marcus Licinius Crassus campaigns successfully in the Balkans, killing the king of the Bastarnae with his own hand, but is denied the right to dedicate the spolia opima by Octavian.

Marcellus wins the spolia opima (" spoils of honour "; the arms taken by a general who kills an enemy chief in single combat ) for the third and last time in Roman history.

Marcellus gained the most prestigious award a Roman general could earn, the spolia opima, for killing the Gallic military leader and king Viridomarus in hand-to-hand combat in 222 BC at the battle of Clastidium.

Marcus Claudius Marcellus died in battle in 208 BC, leaving behind a legacy of military conquests and a reinvigorated Roman legend of the spolia opima.

The two engaged in combat whereupon, Marcellus, “ by a thrust of his spear which pierced his adversary's breastplate, and by the impact of his horse in full career, threw him, still living, upon the ground, where, with a second and third blow, he promptly killed him .” Marcellus extracted the armor from his fallen foe, upon which he pronounced it as the spolia opima.

Only a general who kills the leader of the opposing army prior to a battle may be honored with taking a spolia opima.

After he had slain the formidable warrior, whom he later learned was the king, Marcellus dedicated the armor, or spolia opima, to Jupiter Feretrius, as he had promised before the battle.

Polybius, a historian of the 2nd century BC, admits that much of the overall success in the Gallic War belongs to Marcellus ’ colleague, Scipio, but because Marcellus had won the spolia opima, Marcellus was celebrated triumphantly.

Marcus Claudius Marcellus winning of the spolia opima earned him great fame in his lifetime.

The spolia opima was one of the highest honors that could be bestowed upon a Roman general.

Plutarch informs how the spolia opima was acquired.

In terms of the history of the spolia opima, Marcellus holds great significance because he reinvigorated the meaning of the honored prize.

Prior to Marcellus, the spolia opima was not of special importance in the minds of Romans because it had happened only twice before, if at all.

Furthermore, the actual ritual of the spolia opima was not confirmed until Marcellus made it customary to dedicate the armor to Jupiter Feretrius.

In this way, Marcellus publicized the winning of the spolia opima and turned it into a legend.

But it is Marcellus ’ triumph as a warrior and winner of a spolia opima that confirmed his place in ancient Roman history.

The compound Ianus Quirinus is to be found also in the rite of the spolia opima, a lex regia ascribed to Numa, which prescribed that the third rank spoils of a defeated king or chief of an enemy army, those conquered by a common soldier, be consecrated to Ianus Quirinus.

Though the Romans recognized and put on display other sorts of trophies -- such as standards and the beaks of enemy ships -- spolia opima were considered the most honorable to have won and brought great fame to their captor.

Over the course of their entire history, the Romans recognized only three instances of spolia opima having been taken.

The man concerned, Marcus Licinius Crassus ( not to be confused with his grandfather the triumvir of the same name ) had defeated an enemy leader in single combat ( in Macedonia ) in 29 BC and was thus eligible to claim the honour of spolia opima.

His victory occurring when it did, the chronological proximity to the initial settlement of the Emperor Augustus ( then Octavian ) meant that the spolia opima was swallowed in an effort to consolidate Octavian's position in the eyes of the Senate.

As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph.

Dedicated in 315, it is the latest of the existing triumphal arches in Rome, and the only one to make extensive use of spolia, re-using several major reliefs from 2nd century imperial monuments, which give a striking and famous stylistic contrast to the sculpture newly-created for the arch.

The territory of the comune is particularly rich in Romanesque churches: some of those in the plain, erected on the Roman Via Flaminia when that road was in use, and incorporating a fair amount of Roman spolia, remain as markers of the road's course.

Perhaps the most famous example of Carolingian spolia is the tale of an equestrian statue.

Aside from the complete rebuilding of the ancient church of Santa Maria in Trastevere, which boldly features Ionic capitals from former colonnades in the Baths of Caracalla and other richly detailed spolia from Roman monuments, the remaining years of this Pope's life were almost as barren of permanent political results as the first had been.

The columns of the palace are spolia from a Roman temple.

The crypt, however, has remained untouched, with its five small naves and small apses with cross-vault, ancient Roman spolia columns and frescoes of the 14th-15th centuries.

Other notable Roman vestiges along the road, aside from those within the individual towns, include a pair of tower tombs between Bevagna and Foligno ; and along the eastern branch of the Flaminia in particular, in the area between Spoleto and Trevi, many small Romanesque churches, partly built of reused Roman stone ( spolia ) — including a few inscriptions — mark the straight line of the road quite clearly.

The Priory church was built in 1100, using spolia from the Roman ruins at Avenches.

Matigge does in fact boast of Roman remains: traces of small Roman roads, and significant Roman spolia used in the construction of the attractive Romanesque church of S. Donato.

He stated that, “ only those spoils are ‘ opima ’ which are taken first, in a pitched battle, where general slays general .” Only two others in Roman history, Romulus, the founder of Rome, and Aulus Cornelius Cossus, were allegedly honored with this prize.

Spolia opima ( or " rich spoils / trophies ") refers to the armor, arms, and other effects that an ancient Roman general had stripped from the body of an opposing commander slain in single combat.

Hemingway's fiction is supported by a `` moral '' backbone and in its search for ultimate meaning hints at a religious dimension.

This something leads to a conception of an over-all Social Plan with a meaning interpretable in terms of ultimate ends ; ;

With this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed.

The ultimate objective of the OCCC program was to use Blissymbols as a practical way to teach the children to express themselves in their mother tongue, since the Blissymbols provided visual keys to understand the meaning of the English words, especially the abstract words.

Diderot's miscellaneous pieces range from a graceful trifle like the Regrets sur ma vieille robe de chambre ( Regrets for my Old Dressing Gown ) up to Le rêve de D ' Alembert, where he plunges into the depths of the controversy as to the ultimate constitution of matter and the meaning of life.

Eschatology ( from the Greek, eschatos / eschatē / eschaton meaning " last " and-logy meaning " the study of ", first used in English around 1550 ) is a part of theology, philosophy, and futurology concerned with what are believed to be the final events of history, the ultimate destiny of humanity — commonly referred to as the " end of the world " or " end time ".

In a constitutional monarchy or non-executive presidency, the head of state may de jure hold ultimate authority over the armed forces but will only normally, as per either written law or unwritten convention, exercise their authority on the advice of their responsible ministers: meaning that the de facto ultimate decision making on military maneuvers is made elsewhere.

In this they may be preserving its original meaning: the ultimate ancestor, here evoked by two continuous lines joining its twelve primary joints.

The use and meaning of the word " philosophy " has changed throughout history: in Antiquity it encompassed almost any inquiry ; for Descartes it was supposed to be the Queen of the Sciences, a sort of ultimate justification ; in the time of David Hume " metaphysics " and " morals " could be roughly translated as the human sciences ; and contemporary analytic philosophy likes to define itself roughly as inquiry into concepts.

The interpretant can be ( 1 ) immediate to the sign, all that the sign immediately expresses, such as a word's usual meaning ; or ( 2 ) dynamic, such as a state of agitation ; or ( 3 ) final or normal, the ultimate ramifications of the sign about its object, to which inquiry taken far enough would be destined and with which any actual interpretant can at most coincide.

The Encarta Dictionary says its ultimate origin is uncertain, but perhaps it may come from Latin Equiferus meaning " Wild horse ," from equus " horse " and ferus " wild, untamed ".

Word recognition accuracy is considered less important than meaning accuracy ; therefore, there is an emphasis on comprehension as the ultimate goal.

In the Revelation of John ( Greek Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου, Apocalypsis Ioannou ), the last book of the New Testament, the revelation which John receives is that of the ultimate victory of good over evil and the end of the present age, and that is the primary meaning of the term, one that dates to 1175.

One description of spirituality is the self's search for " ultimate meaning " through an independent comprehension of the sacred.

Another definition of spiritual identity is " a persistent sense of self that addresses ultimate questions about the nature, purpose, and meaning of life, resulting in behaviors that are consonant with the individual ’ s core values.

" Prairie is the French word for meadow, but the ultimate root is the Latin pratum ( same meaning ).

There is no consensus about the ultimate meaning of The Dream of Rhonabwy.

It was accepted as the ultimate authority on meaning and usage and its preeminence was virtually unchallenged in the United States.

The philosophical school of existentialism deals with core issues related to the human condition including the ongoing search for ultimate meaning.

The existentialist psychotherapist Irvin D. Yalom has identified what he refers to as the four " givens " or ultimate concerns of human existence-concerns with meaning, loneliness, freedom and mortality.

Yalom argues with Sartre that man is " condemned to freedom ", and must face his ultimate aloneness, the lack of any unquestionable ground of meaning, and ultimate mortality.