By 1900, most of the industrializing nations were on some form of gold standard, with paper notes and silver coins constituting the circulating medium.

First, the gold specie standard is a system in which the monetary unit is associated with circulating gold coins, or with the unit of value defined in terms of one particular circulating gold coin in conjunction with subsidiary coinage made from a less valuable metal.

Finally, the gold bullion standard is a system in which gold coins do not circulate, but in which the authorities have agreed to sell gold bullion on demand at a fixed price in exchange for the circulating currency.

With the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the United Kingdom began a massive recoinage programme that created standard gold sovereigns and circulating crowns and half-crowns, and eventually copper farthings in 1821.

Despite being an imperfect translation, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete remained the standard one for centuries, circulating in manuscript before being printed in the 1543 edition published in Basel by Theodor Bibliander.

Since the silver dollars in the USA and Canada were attached to a gold exchange standard, this meant that the silver dollars circulating along the China coast dropped in value as compared to the US dollar and the Canadian dollar.

Originally the purity of all circulating gold coins in the United States was the traditional English crown gold standard of 22 karats ( 11 parts gold to 1 part alloy ).

Water cooling systems in which water is cooled directly by the evaporator coil of a phase change system are able to chill the circulating coolant below the ambient air temperature ( impossible with a standard heat exchanger ) and, as a result, generally provide superior cooling of the computer's heat-generating components.

Even though Queen Anne's proclamation of 1704 brought the gold standard to the West Indies, silver pieces of eight ( Spanish dollars and later Mexican dollars ) continued to form a major portion of the circulating currency right into the latter half of the nineteenth century.

The current de-facto standard version is molfile V2000 ; although, more recently, the V3000 format has been circulating widely enough to present a potential compatibility issue for those not yet V3000-capable.

Even though Queen Anne's proclamation of 1704 brought the gold standard to the West Indies, silver pieces of eight ( Spanish dollars and later Mexican dollars ) continued to form a major portion of the circulating currency right into the latter half of the nineteenth century.

* 800 ( minimum standard for silver in Germany after 1884 ; Egyptian silver ; Canadian silver circulating coinage )

These included the government system of Three Departments and Six Ministries, standard coinage, improved defense and expansion of the Great Wall, and official support for Buddhism.

The issue cut across party lines, with western Republicans and southern Democrats joining together in the call for the free coinage of silver, and both parties ' representatives in the northeast holding firm for the gold standard.

It was then useful to the State to establish a standard of weights and measures so that value could be generally accepted and finally the State acquired a monopoly of coinage.

The troy ounce in use today is essentially the same as the British Imperial troy ounce ( 1824-1971 ), adopted as an official weight standard for coinage by Act of Congress on May 19, 1828.

* The Republic of Venice begins coining the ducat, a gold coin that is to become the standard of European coinage for the following 600 years.

* 1284 – The Republic of Venice begins coining the ducat, a gold coin that is to become the standard of European coinage for the following 600 years.

In the 12th century, Henry II established the Sterling Silver standard for English coinage, of 92. 5 % silver and 7. 5 % copper, replacing the earlier mediæval use of fine silver.

In the 12th century a new standard for English coinage was established by Henry II — the Sterling Silver standard of 92. 5 % silver and 7. 5 % copper.

The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BCE remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang Dynasty ( 618 – 907 CE ).

After Demetrius and Eucratides, the kings abandoned the Attic standard of coinage and introduced a native standard, no doubt to gain support from outside the Greek minority.

However, every colony still used the monetary units of pounds, shillings and pence for bookkeeping while Spanish, German, French and Portuguese money were all standard mediums of exchange as British law prohibited the export of British silver coinage.

This caused various reactions: some claimed that there should be a free silver coinage, but conservatives wanted to tie monetary politics to the gold standard.

Nevertheless, by the fourth century BC the fundamentals of the Romulus and Remus story were standard Roman fare, and by 269 BC the wolf and suckling twins appeared on one of the earliest, if not the earliest issues of Roman silver coinage.

While there, centralising his kingdom, Roger declared a new standard coinage, named after the duchy of Apulia: the ducat.

' Abd al-Malik introduced standard coinage that featured Arabic inscriptions, instead of images of the monarch.

A new gold coinage was introduced in 1895, reflecting the lower gold standard, with coins for 2, 5, 10 and 20 pesos.

* Menander also struck very rare Attic standard coinage with monolingual inscriptions ( coin 5 ), which were probably intended for use in Bactria ( where they have been found ), perhaps thought to demonstrate his victories against the Bactrian kings, as well as Menander's own claim to that the kingdom.

The new coinage act of 1873 now put the USA onto the gold standard ' de facto ', and, as mentioned, it had the effect of depressing the value of silver in relation to gold.

) For most games this is the same as the ordinary use of the word, but a very few games are actually misère games according to their standard rules, for example Sylver coinage.

The Greenbackers condemned the National Banking System, created by the National Banking Act of 1863, the harmonization of the silver dollar ( Coinage Act of 1873 was in fact the " Crime of ' 73 " to Greenback ), and the Resumption Act of 1875, which mandated that the U. S. Treasury issue specie ( coinage or " hard " currency ) in exchange for greenback currency upon its presentation for redemption beginning on January 1, 1879, thus returning the nation to the gold standard.

undertake economic studies and surveys to determine present and prospective costs of producing water for beneficial consumptive purposes in various parts of the United States by the leading saline water processes as compared with other standard methods.

The introduction of the United States Pharmacopoeia reference standard in 1952 and the redefinition and equating of the USP and international units of thyroid-stimulating activity have made it possible to compare results published by different investigators since that time.

* 1971 – President Richard Nixon completes the break from the gold standard by ending convertibility of the United States dollar into gold by foreign investors.

United Kingdom Health Protection Agency has stated that " most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections.

D-AMPS was a digital, 2G standard used mainly by AT & T Mobility and U. S. Cellular in the United States, Rogers Wireless in Canada, Telcel in Mexico, Telecom Italia Mobile ( TIM ) in Brazil, VimpelCom in Russia, Movilnet in Venezuela, and Cellcom in Israel.

One of the last countries to break away from the gold standard was the United States in 1971.

For decades, it has been the global standard, recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations and the Universal Postal Union.

For example, the 1: 24, 000 scale topographic maps of the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) are a standard as compared to the 1: 50, 000 scale Canadian maps.

Since the international adoption of the MKS standard in the 1940s and the SI standard in the 1960s, the technical use of CGS units has gradually declined worldwide, in the United States more slowly than elsewhere.

This standard has been adopted in the United States and in other countries.

A feature of these publications is the high-quality illustrations made by engravers like Wilson Lowry of art work supplied by specialist draftsmen like John Farey, Jr. Encyclopaedias were published in Scotland, as a result of the Scottish Enlightenment, for education there was of a higher standard than in the rest of the United Kingdom.

In the United States, the primary standard for full-featured EVM systems is the ANSI / EIA-748A standard, published in May 1998 and reaffirmed in August 2002.

The standard liturgies for the Eucharist ( as well as other services ) are found in The United Methodist Hymnal and The United Methodist Book of Worship.

The general trend in the development of cinema, led from the United States, was towards using the newly developed specifically filmic devices for expression of the narrative content of film stories, and combining this with the standard dramatic structures already in use in commercial theatre.

Other countries ' armed forces ( such as those of the United States or Switzerland ) use their standard national flag.

The decision to develop a continental standard eventually resulted in a unified, open, standard-based network which was larger than that in the United States.

The table of geologic time spans presented here agrees with the dates and nomenclature set forth by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, and uses the standard color codes of the United States Geological Survey.

Schneider uses the concept of the " objective historian " to suggest that this could be used as an aid in assessing what makes an historian suitable to be an expert witnesses under the Daubert standard in the United States.

Typically in British heraldry, the outer surface of the mantling is of the principal color in the shield and the inner surface is of the principal metal, though peers in the United Kingdom use standard colourings regardless of rank or the colourings of their arms.

In order to classify a business as a service, one can use classification systems such as the United Nations's International Standard Industrial Classification standard, the United States ' Standard Industrial Classification ( SIC ) code system and its new replacement, the North American Industrial Classification System ( NAICS ), the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community ( NACE ) in the EU and similar systems elsewhere.

In the United States, standard line insurance companies are insurers that have received a license or authorization from a state for the purpose of writing specific kinds of insurance in that state, such as automobile insurance or homeowners ' insurance.