Alexander VIII assisted his native Venice by generous subsidies in the war against the Turks, as well as sending seven galleys and 2, 000 infantry for the campaign in Albania.

AFD offers a range of financial instruments: subsidies, guarantees, shareholdings, and all forms of assisted and commercial loans — in response to each situation.

Without massive Soviet subsidies and its primary trading partner Cuba was comparatively isolated in the 1990s, but has since entered bilateral co-operation with several South American countries, most notably Venezuela and Bolivia.

At the close of 2006, the government had exceeded its budget for electricity subsidies, spending close to U. S. $ 650 million.

The government was forced to cut its massive fuel subsidies, which were planned to cost $ 14 billion for 2005, in October.

Libya also has sought to expand its influence in Africa through financial assistance, ranging from aid donations to impoverished neighbors such as Niger to oil subsidies to Zimbabwe.

The government protected its merchants — and kept others out — by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm.

To avoid expulsion, Khartoum agreed to make token payments on its arrears to the Fund, liberalize exchange rates, and reduce subsidies, measures it has partially implemented.

In 1926, the Colonial administration provided subsidies to schools run by missionaries, and at the same time established its authority to exercise supervision and to establish guidelines.

But for the country that had previously encouraged over-consumption of energy, e. g., through subsidies, the costs of meeting its commitment would potentially be lower.

On the other hand, the presidents of Brazil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, and Argentina, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, have stated that they do not oppose the FTAA but they do demand that the agreement provide for the elimination of US agriculture subsidies, the provision of effective access to foreign markets and further consideration towards the needs and sensibilities of its members.

World Bank strictures restrict government subsidies for farmers, and increasing use of fertilizers is opposed by some environmental groups because of its unintended consequences: adverse effects on water supplies and habitat.

As well, the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien passed party financing legislation that resulted in the Bloc receiving millions of dollars in subsidies that helped to stabilize its organization.

While the GDR transferred its financial policy sovereignty to West Germany, the West started granting subsidies for the GDR budget and social security system.

The financial crisis of 1890 left the government with no funds for its immigration subsidies programme, and it was abolished in 1891.

Savoy relied heavily on foreign subsidies, particularly from England and the Dutch Republic, in both wars to maintain its armies.

Without massive Soviet subsidies and its primary trading partner Cuba was comparatively isolated in the 1990s, but has since entered bilateral co-operation with several South American countries, most notably Venezuela and Bolivia.

Roger remained in Sicily, leaving its mainland garrisons helpless under the chancellor Robert of Selby, while even the Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus sent subsidies to Lothair.

Most subsidies are made by the government to producers or distributed as subventions in an industry to prevent the decline of that industry ( e. g., as a result of continuous unprofitable operations ) or an increase in the prices of its products or simply to encourage it to hire more labor ( as in the case of a wage subsidy ).

" However its platform calls for government subsidies for alternative energy, increased government spending on day care, education and medical care, tougher labour laws, the regulation of " casinos and bordellos ", the imposition of " strict limits on animal experiments ", and the continued prohibition of drugs " more harmful " than marijuana.

A nation abolishing such subsidies stands to lose much of its family farm infrastructure to cheap imports unless a simultaneous initiative in another country, or in tax, tariff and trade to make up for lost subsidies, takes place.

Niebuhr's first book, Beschreibung von Arabien, was published in Copenhagen in 1772, the Danish government providing subsidies for the engraving and printing of its numerous illustrations.

He guided the House in the debate on 4 May in its opposition to the grant of twelve subsidies in return for the surrender of ship money.

When he put a request to the NSW Government that he be paid separate salaries for his artistic work as conductor of the orchestra ( by then the NSW State Orchestra ) and educational work as Director of the Conservatorium, the Government withdrew its subsidies for both the orchestra and the string quartet that Verbrugghen had installed.

However, with the fall of Saddam Hussein, Jordan lost the sizable oil subsidies and customary shipments it received from Iraq.

State firms were granted increased decision = making authority and lost most of their subsidies and pricing advantages.

Encouraged by Napoleon's Peninsular imbroglio, British subsidies and promise of a military intervention in northern Europe, the Austrians decided that the European political context of 1808-1809 offered their best chance to retake lost provinces.

In 1921, the Belgium Football Association first allowed for payments to players for time lost from work ; in the months that followed four other Associations ( Switzerland and Italy amongst them ) permitted similar subsidies.

Another specialist area is mobile telecoms operator ( carrier ) business where billion-dollar investments in networks are needed but marketshares are won and lost on issues from segmentation to handset subsidies.

On December 18, 2009 Bay Ferries announced that it was ending its Gulf of Maine service from Yarmouth to Bar Harbor and Portland after the Government of Nova Scotia ended the subsidies, resulting in approximately 120 jobs being lost.

However, after the IPO profits decreased as the company lost much of its subsidies ( mainly development rights of lands ) from the government, dropping to HK $ 139 million.

To gain some subsidies, Laval performs academic portraits ( all lost ), using his experience received from Leon Bonnat.

However, ever since Tajikistan lost their Soviet agricultural subsidies with the breakup of the Soviet Union, farms have not been able to afford as many fertilizers or pesticides as before, thus decreasing levels of pollution in the river.

While perhaps lightly competing against each other, they will present a unified front ( sometimes called a trade association or industry trade group ) to the government in requesting subsidies or aid or regulation.

Although Hungary enjoyed one of the most liberal and economically advanced economies of the former Eastern bloc, both agriculture and industry began to suffer from a lack of investment in the 1970s, and Hungary's net foreign debt rose significantly — from $ 1 billion in 1973 to $ 15 billion in 1993 — due largely to consumer subsidies and unprofitable state enterprises.

With support from the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, to which Zambia was heavily indebted, he liberalised the economy by restricting government interference, privatising state owned enterprise, such as the important copper mining industry, and removing subsidies on different commodities, most notably on corn meal.

Under the stabilization program, the government let most prices float, raised interest rates to record highs, raised heavy new taxes, sharply cut back on government subsidies to industry and construction, and made massive cuts in state welfare spending.

Thus, Trotsky argues, because a majority of the branches of industry in Russia were originated under the direct influence of government measures — sometimes with the help of government subsidies — the capitalist class was again tied to the ruling elite.

It consisted of a three core policy initiatives: protecting industry through high tariffs ( 1861 – 1932 ) ( changing to subsidies and reciprocity from 1932-1970s ), government investment in infrastructure through internal improvements, and a national bank to promote the growth of productive enterprises.

In the late 1950s, Eastern's position was eroded by state subsidies to rival airlines, increasing industry regulation and the arrival of the jet age.

The key proposal was a 20 per cent devaluation of the dollar, to be followed by the removal of subsidies to industry, border protection and export incentives.

The Archbishop of Canterbury, Randall Davidson, wanted to broadcast a " peace appeal " drawn up by church leaders which called for an immediate end to the strike, renewal of government subsidies to the coal industry and no cuts in miners ’ wages.

The expense of the nuclear industry remains predominantly reliant on subsidies and indirect insurance subsidies to continue.

This contrasts with a market closed by a monopoly or oligopoly which dominate an industry, and with a protected market in which entry is conditional on certain financial and legal requirements or which is subject to tariff barriers, taxes, levies or state subsidies which effectively prevent some economic actors from participating in them ( see ).

To prevent this, Carlton and Loury recommend a policy with the potential to regulate the number of firms in an industry: lump-sum taxes or lump-sum subsidies.

# protecting industry through selective high tariffs ( especially 1861 – 1932 ) and some include through subsidies ( especially 1932 – 70 )

In October 1994, Kuchma announced comprehensive economic reforms, including reduced subsidies, lifting of price controls, lower taxes, privatization of industry and agriculture, and reforms in currency regulation and banking.

In a February 29, 2008 speech to the Toronto Board of Trade Prentice rejected the concept of direct subsidies to the auto industry, insisting that setting up a strong economic foundation is a better route to strengthen the business.

Most milk-consuming countries have a local dairy farming industry, and most producing countries maintain significant tariffs to protect domestic producers from foreign competition but, the largest dairy exporting country, does not apply any subsidies to dairy production.

* Agriculture: agribusiness ( the food industry ) is an interest group constituency that seeks to benefit from certain government agricultural policies, such as agricultural subsidies.

But consumers, workers, and poor people don ’ t have any say in energy plant construction, in decisions about trade or plant relocation or job export, in deciding on tax subsidies to polluting industries like the oil industry.

These detail investigations into the black market for bluefin tuna, the subsidies propping up the Spanish fishing industry, and the overfishing of the Chilean jack mackerel.

During the election Bocharov revealed his radical economic reform plan to the Supreme Soviet deputies ; in it industry would be privatised, and subsidies to unprofitable enterprises would cease in a 100 Days reform package.