As the price of a commodity falls, consumers move toward it from relatively more expensive goods ( the substitution effect ).

The more attractive side effect profile of morphine compared to buprenorphine or methadone has led to the adoption of morphine as an OST treatment option, and currently in Vienna over 60 percent of substitution therapy utilizes slow release oral morphine.

The curves are convex to the origin, describing the negative substitution effect.

The substitution effect is reinforced through the income effect of lower real income ( Beattie-LaFrance ).

However, Hicks analyzed the situation through indifference curves and noted that when the Marshallian Demand Curve exhibits perfect inelasticity, the policy or economic situation which caused a distortion in relative prices will have a substitution effect and that this substitution effect is a deadweight loss.

* metonymy: substitution of cause for effect, proper name for one of its qualities, etc.

Consequently, many potential single-nucleotide changes are in effect " silent " or " unexpressed " ( see synonymous or silent substitution ).

* Availability of substitute goods: the more and closer the substitutes available, the higher the elasticity is likely to be, as people can easily switch from one good to another if an even minor price change is made ; There is a strong substitution effect.

If no close substitutes are available the substitution of effect will be small and the demand inelastic.

If the consumer is a net saver, he will save more in the current period due to the substitution effect and consume more in the current period due to the income effect.

If the consumer is a net borrower, however, he will tend to consume less in the current period due to the substitution effect and income effect thereby reducing his overall current consumption.

The slow-talking, slower-witted, enunciation-challenged Mr. Fudd is a game hunter whose Brooklynesque speech ( courtesy of Bryan's own childhood upbringing in the borough ) was exaggerated for memorable effect by his habitual substitution of W for the letters L and R, an effect further immortalized by the tongue-in-cheek screen credits of the 1941 Bugs Bunny short Wabbit Twouble.

This is called the substitution effect.

Every price change can be decomposed into an income effect and a substitution effect ; the price effect is the sum of substitution and income effects.

The adoption of international standards results in the creation of equivalent, national standards that are substantially the same as international standards in technical content, but may have ( i ) editorial differences as to appearance, use of symbols and measurement units, substitution of a point for a comma as the decimal marker, and ( ii ) differences resulting from conflicts in governmental regulations or industry-specific requirements caused by fundamental climatic, geographical, technological, or infrastructural factors, or the stringency of safety requirements that a given standard authority considers appropriate.

Signal substitution had already been the cause of strong diplomatic protests by the United States, which considers the practice to constitute theft of advertising revenue.

The issue of the lump of labour, as well as that of the consequences of technological progress on employment, can be enlightened recurring to simple tools of economic theory, by distinguishing the substitution and the scale effect of a change of the conditions of employment.

But if wages are reduced to the extent to compensate for the consequences of the reduced labour time on the costs of production, the scale effect can be neutralized leaving only the substitution effect to operate.

In aromatic substitution one substituent on the arene ring, usually hydrogen, is replaced by another substituent.

When there is more than one substituent present on the ring, their spatial relationship becomes important for which the arene substitution patterns ortho, meta, and para are devised.

These operations are compounding ( or the addition of one idea onto another, such as a horn on a horse to create a unicorn ); transposing ( or the substitution of one part of a thing with the part from another, such as with the body of a man upon a horse to make a centaur ); augmenting ( as with the case of a giant, whose size has been augmented ); and diminishing ( as with Lilliputians, whose size has been diminished ).

Also running on a JOHANNIAC, the Logic Theory Machine constructed proofs from a small set of propositional axioms and three deduction rules: modus ponens, ( propositional ) variable substitution, and the replacement of formulas by their definition.

When the Laplace transform is performed on a discrete-time signal ( with each element of the discrete-time sequence attached to a correspondingly delayed unit impulse ), the result is precisely the Z transform of the discrete-time sequence with the substitution of

Compensation was based on the principle of substitution which might include material ( for example, cattle, slave ) compensation, exchange of brides or grooms, or payment of the blood debt.

The CRTC's simultaneous substitution rules require that when a Canadian network licences a television show from a US network and shows it in the same time slot, upon request by the Canadian broadcaster, Canadian broadcast distributors must replace the show on the US channel with the broadcast of the Canadian channel, along with any overlays and commercials.

The Christadelphian distinction between representation and substitution has been noted in the relevant scholarly literature, and representative participation ( an interpretation long held by Christadelphians ) is widely considered the original Biblical teaching on the atonement.

Historically the å has developed from a ligature by writing a small a on top of the letter a ; if an å character is unavailable, some Scandinavian languages allow the substitution of a doubled a.

The term most commonly refers to the substitution of the voices of the actors shown on the screen by those of different performers speaking a different language ; however the practice also involves the rerecording of audio segments and then synchronizing the recording with the existing footage.

Poe's success in cryptography relied not so much on his knowledge of that field ( his method was limited to the simple substitution cryptogram ), as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture.

) only one isomer was ever found, implying that all six carbons are equivalent, so that substitution on any carbon gives only a single possible product.

Depending on the particular formalism adopted for the calculus, it may be seen as a simple application of a " functional substitution " rule of inference, as in Gödel's paper, or it may be proved by considering the formal proof of, replacing in it all occurrences of Q by some other formula with the same free variables, and noting that all logical axioms in the formal proof remain logical axioms after the substitution, and all rules of inference still apply in the same way.

The hydrolysis of the γ phosphate of GTP into guanosine diphosphate ( GDP ) and P < sub > i </ sub >, inorganic phosphate, occurs by the S < sub > N </ sub > 2 mechanism ( see nucleophilic substitution ) via a pentavalent intermediate state and is dependent on the magnesium ion Mg < sup > 2 +</ sup >.

They also have an eye on the benches and notify the referees on substitution errors.

When it becomes possible for a people to describe as ‘ postmodern ’ the décor of a room, the design of a building, the diegesis of a film, the construction of a record, or a ‘ scratch ’ video, a television commercial, or an arts documentary, or the ‘ intertextual ’ relations between them, the layout of a page in a fashion magazine or critical journal, an anti-teleological tendency within epistemology, the attack on the ‘ metaphysics of presence ’, a general attenuation of feeling, the collective chagrin and morbid projections of a post-War generation of baby boomers confronting disillusioned middle-age, the ‘ predicament ’ of reflexivity, a group of rhetorical tropes, a proliferation of surfaces, a new phase in commodity fetishism, a fascination for images, codes and styles, a process of cultural, political or existential fragmentation and / or crisis, the ‘ de-centring ’ of the subject, an ‘ incredulity towards metanarratives ’, the replacement of unitary power axes by a plurality of power / discourse formations, the ‘ implosion of meaning ’, the collapse of cultural hierarchies, the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction, the decline of the university, the functioning and effects of the new miniaturised technologies, broad societal and economic shifts into a ‘ media ’, ‘ consumer ’ or ‘ multinational ’ phase, a sense ( depending on who you read ) of ‘ placelessness ’ or the abandonment of placelessness (‘ critical regionalism ’) or ( even ) a generalised substitution of spatial for temporal coordinates-when it becomes possible to describe all these things as ‘ Postmodern ’ ( or more simply using a current abbreviation as ‘ post ’ or ‘ very post ’) then it ’ s clear we are in the presence of a buzzword.

Others ( maybe most ) just call parameters passed to ( or operated on by ) an open predicate variables, and when defining substitution have to distinguish between free variables and bound variables.

While there is liberal substitution at most positions in football based on the play call and to minimize player fatigue, most quarterbacks are on the field for every offensive play leaving only for injury or when the game's outcome is no longer in doubt.

The lexical aspect focuses on sense relations and lexical repetitions, while the grammatical aspect looks at repetition of meaning shown through reference, substitution and ellipsis, as well as the role of linking adverbials.

Much of the technology in TrueType GX, including morphing and substitution, lives on as AAT ( Apple Advanced Typography ) in Mac OS X.

In this work Jevons embodied the substance of his earlier works on pure logic and the substitution of similars ; he also enunciated and developed the view that induction is simply an inverse employment of deduction ; he treated in a luminous manner the general theory of probability, and the relation between probability and induction ; and his knowledge of the various natural sciences enabled him throughout to relieve the abstract character of logical doctrine by concrete scientific illustrations, often worked out in great detail.

New Zealand had developed a car assembly industry as a means of import substitution and providing local employment, despite the small size of the local market.

His life was in stark contrast to his contemporary relative Bishop Alexander MacDonell who did missionary duty in Lochaber and tried to help his clansmen displaced by the substitution of sheep-farms for smallholdings to get employment in the Lowlands.