Adhesion, the attachment between adhesive and substrate may occur either by mechanical means, in which the adhesive works its way into small pores of the substrate, or by one of several chemical mechanisms.

The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged, whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged.

Although some form of reaction may take place, it is not necessary ; the method may work by attractive charges, for example, if the target particles are positively charged, use a negatively charged substrate.

Hydras may also move by amoeboid motion of their bases or by simply detaching from the substrate and floating away in the current.

In this way, the mind, an abstract phenomenon seated in the physical substrate of the brain, may be capable of inducing a local entropic force that, when summed among many minds simultaneously, produces an even more amplified phenomenon known as the noosphere.

The answer may lie in understanding how large shield volcanoes grow laterally and on how variations within the substrate of the volcano affect the final shape of the mountain.

Entrapment pumps may be cryopumps, which use cold temperatures to condense gases to a solid or adsorbed state, chemical pumps, which react with gases to produce a solid residue, or ionization pumps, which use strong electrical fields to ionize gases and propel the ions into a solid substrate.

A specific relationship between DID and borderline personality disorder has been posited several times, with various clinicians noting significant overlap between symptoms and patient behaviors and it has been suggested that DID may arise " from a substrate of borderline traits.

The majority of crustaceans are also motile, moving about independently, although a few taxonomic units are parasitic and live attached to their hosts ( including sea lice, fish lice, whale lice, tongue worms, and Cymothoa exigua, all of which may be referred to as " crustacean lice "), and adult barnacles live a sessile life – they are attached headfirst to the substrate and cannot move independently.

Except for lichens, the non-reproductive ( vegetative ) mycelium of most ascomycetes is usually inconspicuous because it is commonly embedded in the substrate, such as soil, or grows on or inside a living host, and only the ascoma may be seen when fruiting.

Initially, a special plating deposit called a " strike " or " flash " may be used to form a very thin ( typically less than 0. 1 micrometer thick ) plating with high quality and good adherence to the substrate.

The penetration and adhesion of the soy ester to the substrate and the thin film of modified acrylic may have advantages in creating a surface that allows a physical bond between the gesso and the oil paint.

The conventional concept is that the banded iron layers were formed in sea water as the result of oxygen released by photosynthetic cyanobacteria ( bluegreen algae ), combining with dissolved iron in Earth's oceans to form insoluble iron oxides, which precipitated out, forming a thin layer on the substrate, which may have been anoxic mud ( forming shale and chert ).

These researchers argue that the combinatorial nature of transcriptional regulation allows a rich substrate for morphological diversity, since variations in the level, pattern, or timing of gene expression may provide more variation for natural selection to act upon than changes in the gene product alone.

Plants may then die as a result from this, resulting in the soil or substrate nutrients previously used by the original plant to become more freely available to kudzu.

More educated speakers, and / or those where the substrate language ( s ) have larger phoneme inventories, may have as many as 10 distinct vowels.

With regard to coil composition, the core material may be either a magnetically inert substrate ( i. e., the so-called ‘ air-core ’ coil design ), or possess a solid, ferromagnetically active material ( ie, the so-called ‘ solid-core ’ design ).

A typically Gascon feature that may arise from this substrate is the change from " f " to " h ".

It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-frequency functions — all on a single chip substrate.

Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a profound effect on the functions ( actions ) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism.

For example, the close association between many enzymes and biological membranes may bring them into close proximity with their lipid substrate ( s ).< ref name =" Ghosh ">

Mosses have stems which may be simple or branched and upright or lax, simple leaves that often have midribs, roots ( rhizoids ) that anchor them to their substrate, and spore-bearing capsules on long stems.

In the swamping strategy, vast numbers of barnacles settle in the same place at once, covering a large patch of substrate, allowing at least some to survive in the balance of probabilities.

The environmental factors necessary for kelp to survive include hard substrate ( usually rock or sand ), high nutrients ( e. g., nitrogen, phosphorus ), and light ( minimum annual irradiance dose > 50 E m < sup >− 2 </ sup >).

Due to proton decay the physical universe has collapsed, but some form of intelligence has survived by embedding itself into a lossless computing substrate where it can theoretically survive indefinitely.

The stolon must always be above the substrate in order to survive, otherwise it will rot and the plant dies.

A second factor which enters into the practical measurement of the instrumentally determined cutting force is the frictional resistance caused by the bottom of the knife against the substrate.

The C < sub > 4 </ sub > F < sub > 8 </ sub > creates a polymer on the surface of the substrate, and the second gas composition ( SF < sub > 6 </ sub > and O < sub > 2 </ sub >) etches the substrate.

However, the meaning of these terms is reasonably well-defined only in second language acquisition or language replacement events, when the native speakers of a certain source language ( the substrate ) are somehow compelled to abandon it for another target language ( the superstrate ).

The rate of an S < sub > N </ sub > 2 reaction is second order, as the rate-determining step depends on the nucleophile concentration, < nowiki ></ nowiki > as well as the concentration of substrate, < nowiki ></ nowiki >.

All connections on that circuit are located on only one side of the substrate, except a very small crossover connection which uses the second side of the substrate.

, the turnover number, is maximum number of substrate molecules converted to product per enzyme molecule per second.

The hypodermic needle reduces contamination for two reasons: First, its surface is extremely smooth, which prevents airborne pathogens from becoming trapped between irregularities on the needle's surface, which would subsequently be transferred into our media ( i. e. agar ) as contaminants ; second, the needle's surface is extremely sharp, which significantly reduces the diameter of the hole remaining after puncturing the membrane, which consequently prevents microbes larger than this hole from contaminating the substrate.

Some authors consider that overgrowths of a second generation of the same mineral species should also be considered as epitaxy, and this is common terminology for semiconductor scientists who induce epitaxic growth of a film with a different doping level on a semiconductor substrate of the same material.

The second method, using chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ), creates a carbon plasma over a substrate onto which the carbon atoms deposit to form diamond.

One katal is the amount of enzyme that converts 1 mole of substrate per second, so

About 15 – 20 days after hatching, the animals reaches the postlarva stage ; in the second postlarval stage, at a length of, they begin to enter estuaries and drop down to the substrate.

The first is the relation between the ground and the grounded and the second substrate handles the diversity of content.

In the second stage the material expands in a plasma parallel to the normal vector of the target surface towards the substrate due to Coulomb repulsion and recoil from the target surface.

* Wafer bonding – the insulating layer is formed by directly bonding oxidized silicon with a second substrate.

The majority of the second substrate is subsequently removed, the remnants forming the topmost Si layer.

Therefore, one reactant is deposited first, and then the second reactant is deposited, during which a chemical reaction occurs on the substrate, forming the desired composition.

# The addition of one of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates ( dNTPs ) ( dATPαS, which is not a substrate for a luciferase, is added instead of dATP ) initiates the second step.

This second zoospore has a longer cycle during which most dispersal happens ; it will continue to encyst and release a new spore in a process called polyplanetism until it finds a suitable substrate.

This means that the net reaction consists of two reactants and two products ( see reaction above ), and it proceeds by the following mechanism: the enzyme reacts with one substrate to generate one product and a modified enzyme, which goes on to react with the second substrate to make the second product while regenerating the original enzyme.