On 29 May 1453, Turkish sultan Mehmed II " the Conqueror " entered Constantinople after a 53 – day siege during which his cannon had torn a huge hole in the Walls of Theodosius II.

Evidence of the bias toward portraying Mehmed as an intelligent military leader is reflected in the statement: " The sultan ordered the setting up of his secret weapon which he had invented himself.

Damietta was captured without resistance when the crusaders landed in June 1249, but the crusade halted there until November, by which time the Egyptian sultan Ayyub had died and had been succeeded by his son Turanshah.

He had begun with the rapid capture of the port of Damietta in June 1249, an attack which did cause some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan was on his deathbed.

The sultan had approved the manifesto before its submission to the French resident general, who answered that no basic change in the protectorate status was being considered.

The general sympathy of the sultan for the nationalists had become evident by the end of the war, although he still hoped to see complete independence achieved gradually.

Ottoman defeats in the war caused Mehmed III to take personal command of the army, the first sultan to do so since Suleyman I. Mehmed III's armies conquered Eger in 1596 and defeated the Habsburg and Transylvanian forces at the Battle of Keresztes ( Turkish for Battle of Hacova ) during which the Sultan had to be dissuaded from fleeing the field halfway through the battle.

* 1270 – The Eighth Crusade and siege of Tunis end by an agreement between Charles I of Sicily ( brother to King Louis IX of France, who had died months earlier ) and the sultan of Tunis.

Reports had reached the Sultan of Ibrahim's impudence during a campaign against the Persian Safavid empire: in particular his adoption of the title serasker sultan was seen as a grave affront to Suleiman.

Collecting a large army Maximilian marched to defend his territories ; but no decisive engagement had taken place when a truce was made in 1568, and the emperor continued to pay tribute to the sultan as the price of peace in the western and northern areas of the Hungarian kingdom still under Habsburg control.

He had children with a number of aboriginal maidens, and one of these children converted to Islam and became the first sultan.

Amalric turned towards Egypt because Muslim territory to the east of Jerusalem had fallen under the control of the powerful Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din.

Sadly Manuel returned home with empty hands from the Hungarian Kingdom, and in 1424 he and his son were forced to sign an unfavourable peace treaty with the Ottoman Turks, whereby the Byzantine Empire had to pay tribute to the sultan.

The sultan put an end to the generous hospitality granted and had the king arrested in what became known as the " kalabalik " in 1713.

The Emperor had an agreement with the sultan of Egypt to close Cypriot harbours to the Crusaders.

Frederick hoped that a token show of force, a threatening march down the coast, would be enough to convince al-Kamil, the sultan of Egypt, to honor a proposed agreement that had been negotiated some years earlier, prior to the death of al-Muazzam, the governor of Damascus.

They found that Baibars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt, had broken his truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of Acre.

Since all the local authorities denied him any help and most of the military orders denied him any help, and being the crusading army a meagre force, Frederick negotiated along the lines of a previous agreement he had intended to broker with the Ayyubid sultan, Al-Kamil.

She had a very minor role in the Carole Lombard / Frederic March vehicle Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ), in which she appeared as the wife of a shoeshine man ( Troy Brown ) masquerading as a sultan.

Louis was disturbed by events in Syria, where the Mamluk sultan Baibars had been attacking the remnant of the Crusader states.

Robert now resolved to employ Roger's genius in reducing Sicily, which contained, besides the Muslims, numerous Greek Christians subject to Arab princes who had become all but independent of the sultan of Tunis.

Yet, as Raffles confirmed with the sultan regarding the absolute British influence of the area, he realized that the local rulers had only limited power over the well-cultivated and civilized country, and the treaty was largely symbolic and had little actual force.

His crowning achievement was the great victory near the Dvina River in the Battle of Kircholm ( modern Salaspils, Latvia ) on September 27, 1605, when with barely 4000 troops, mostly the famous heavy hussars, he annihilated a threefold larger Swedish army ; for which feat he received letters of congratulation from the Pope, all the Catholic potentates of Europe, and even the sultan of Turkey and the shah of Persia.

Another legend has it that the Ottoman sultan Selim II invaded the island just to acquire Commandaria ; also that the grapes used to make this wine were the same grapes exported to Portugal that eventually became famous as the source of port wine.

In his titular novel by Ruth Plumly Thompson, Mustafa of Mudge, a wealthy sultan at the southern tip of the Munchkin Country, kidnaps the Cowardly Lion for his large collection of lions that he feels would be incomplete without Oz's most famous lion.

In 1621, the famous Battle of Khotyn had occurred, where Sahaidachny's 30, 000-40, 000 men Cossack army, together with hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz Commonwealth army of similar size, held Turkish sultan, Osman II, at bay for a whole month, until the first snow of Autumn compelled Osman to withdraw his weakened forces.

He rendered valuable services to the sultan in his war with Russia, and with the famous Nader Shah.

The most famous sultan of the Saadi was Ahmad al-Mansur ( 1578 – 1603 ), builder of the El Badi Palace in Marrakech and contemporary of Elizabeth I.

Many historical tombs are found here including the famous Makam Sultan Mahmud Mangkat Dijulang ( the tomb of the last sultan of the Malaccan Sultanate line ), Makam Bendahara Tun Habib Abdul Majid and Makam Tauhid in Kampung Makam.

Another decree in 1853 from the sultan solidified the existing territorial division among the communities and set a status quo for arrangements to " remain forever ", caused differences of opinion about upkeep and even minor changes, including disagreement on the removal of an exterior ladder under one of the windows ; this ladder has remained in the same position since then.

Literature in local vernaculars and spectacular architecture flourished until about the beginning of the 14th century, when southern expeditions of the sultan of Delhi took their toll on these kingdoms.

Ibn Battuta disapproved of the fact that female slaves, servants and even the daughters of the sultan went about completely naked.

The Dutch East India Company paid a stipend to the Bacan sultan as compensation for the destruction of Bacan's clove trees that was higher than the salary of the Dutch Governor on Ternate and about 1 / 9 of that paid to the Sultan of Ternate.

At the beginning of 1474 there were informations about intention of Ottoman sultan to rebuild Podgorica and Baleč and settle them with 5, 000 Turkish families in order to establish an additional obstacle for cooperation of Principality of Zeta and Venetian Shkodër.

For example, in his panegyric of Theodore I Laskarsis, Choniates describes a battle with a Seljuk sultan as a battle between Christianity and Islam, and rhetorically compares the wounds of Theodore, who had himself slain an enemy commander, to those of Christ on the crossDimiter Angelov suggests that western crusading ideology may have influenced the development of this view on reconquest, and during this period, there is mention that Patriarch Michael IV Autoreianos offered full remission of sins to Nicene troops about to enter battle, a practice almost identical to a western plenary indulgence.

With the royal banners and the cross of Christ plainly visible on the red walls of the Alhambra: … the Moorish sultan with about eighty or a hundred on horseback very well dressed went forth to kiss the hand of their Highnesses.

The Moorish sultan was received with much love and courtesy and there they handed over to him his son, who had been a hostage from the time of his capture, and as they stood there, there came about four hundred captives, of this who were in the enclosure, with the cross and a solemn procession singing the Te Deum Laudamus, and their highnesses dismounted to adore the Cross to the accompaniment of the tears and reverential devotion of the crowd, not least of the Cardinal and Master of Santiago and the Duke of Cadiz and all the other grandees and gentlemen and people who stood there, and there was no one who did not weep abundantly with pleasure giving thanks to Our Lord for what they saw, for they could not keep back the tears ; and the Moorish sultan and the Moors who were with him for their part could not disguise the sadness and pain they felt for the joy of the Christians, and certainly with much reason on account of their loss, for Granada is the most distinguished and chief thing in the world …

As a condition of his acceptance, Köprülü demanded that the sultan decree only what Köprülü approved, allow him to make all the appointments and dismissals, and refuse to hear or accept any malicious stories that might be spread about him.

When rivals complained to Mehmed IV about the grand vizer's methods, Köprülü resigned, complaining that the sultan had violated their agreement.

The dhigu laari is actually a long piece of silver, about three inches in length, doubled over and stamped with the name of the sultan, in Arabic.

The Caliph who stood beside the sultan at the heart of the army exclaimed to the soldiers: " Warriors, do not worry about your Sultan but worry about your women and the religion of your Prophet ".

Mehmed Agha died in 1617 at about the same time as his sultan.

Little was known about the Crystal Shard ’ s dark and sinister past until it fell into the hands of a sultan.

Using the newest power of the artifact, the sultan created a line of crystalline towers that stretched from his capital across the empty desert to his kingdom ’ s second city, an oft-raided frontier city about a day's travel away in intervals.

: In 1842 the British Consul General in Morocco, as part of his government's worldwide endeavor to bring about the abolition of slavery or at least the curtailment of the slave trade, made representations to the sultan of that country asking him what measures, if any, he had taken to accomplish this desirable objective.