Frederick hoped that a token show of force, a threatening march down the coast, would be enough to convince al-Kamil, the sultan of Egypt, to honor a proposed agreement that had been negotiated some years earlier, prior to the death of al-Muazzam, the governor of Damascus.

After critical negotiations, he secured on 8 July an agreement with Germany accepting the international conference proposed by the sultan of Morocco on the assurance that Germany would recognize the special nature of the interest of France in maintaining order on the frontier of her Algerian empire.

The peace terms demanded by Alp Arslan, sultan of the Seljuk Turks, were not excessive, and Romanus accepted them.

The political conceptions of Islam such as kudrah ( power ), sultan, ummah, cemaa ( obligation )- and even the " core " terms of the Qur ' an, i. e. ibadah, din ( religion ), rab ( master ) and ilah-is taken as the basis of an analysis.

The political conceptions of Islam such as kudrah, sultan, ummah, cemaa-and even the " core " terms of the Qur ' an, i. e. ibada, din, rab and ilah-is taken as the basis of an analysis.

The legate Pelagius of Albano, however, claimed the command ; and insisting on the advance from Damietta, in spite of John's warnings, he refused to accept the favourable terms of the sultan, as the king advised, until it was too late.

This, taken with an earlier failure by the sultan to keep his side of a treaty signed in 1162, gave Manuel an excuse to avoid observing the terms of this new arrangement in their entirety.

This persuaded the sultan to come to terms at the Peace of Amasya in 1555.

In November he came to terms with his brother, and thereafter took up his residence in Tangier as a pensioner of the new sultan.

By the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the Austrians forced the sultan Mustafa II to make peace with the Emperor, and to cede Transylvania and the Ottoman eyalets of Egri, Varat, and Kanije, as well as much of the eyalet of Budin and parts of the eyalets of Temeşvar and Bosnia.

In 1699, thanks to English mediation, the war ended with the peace of Karlowitz by which Venice retained possession of the 7 Ionian islands, Butrinto and Parga, the Morea, Spinalonga and Suda, Tenos, Santa Maura and Aegina and ceased to pay a tribute for Zante, but restored Lepanto to the Ottoman sultan.

Collecting a large army Maximilian marched to defend his territories ; but no decisive engagement had taken place when a truce was made in 1568, and the emperor continued to pay tribute to the sultan as the price of peace in the western and northern areas of the Hungarian kingdom still under Habsburg control.

Sadly Manuel returned home with empty hands from the Hungarian Kingdom, and in 1424 he and his son were forced to sign an unfavourable peace treaty with the Ottoman Turks, whereby the Byzantine Empire had to pay tribute to the sultan.

When Sanjar rebuffed the hashashin ambassadors who were sent by Hassan for peace negotiations, Hassan sent his hashashins to the sultan.

Bryennios successfully defended the walls of Constantinople against the attacks of Godfrey of Bouillon during the First Crusade ( 1097 ); conducted the peace negotiations between Alexios and Prince Bohemond I of Antioch ( the Treaty of Devol, 1108 ); and played an important part in the defeat of Melikshah, the Seljuq sultan of Rûm, at the Battle of Philomelion ( 1117 ).

His efforts were in vain ; even Pope Urban V advised peace with the sultan.

Immediately after peace was negotiated the Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan II visited Constantinople where he was treated by Emperor Manuel I Komnenos as both an honoured guest and an imperial vassal.

" It is notable that it was the sultan who initiated peace proposals by sending an envoy to Manuel and not the reverse.

Having tried unsuccessfully to regain the fortresses in 1485, he concluded a peace with the sultan and agreed to pay tribute to him.

In the meantime, Thoros quickly established a friendly rapport with Kilij Arslan II, the new Seljuk sultan of Iconium ; and in 1158 a peace treaty was concluded.

In what the medieval Georgian chronicle refers to as didi turkoba, " the Great Turkish Invasion ", several provinces of Georgia became depopulated and George was forced to sue for peace, becoming a tributary of the sultan Malik-Shah I in 1083.

Potemkin opened up a lavish court at Jassy, the capital of Moldavia, to " winter like a sultan, revel in his mistresses, build his towns, create his regiments — and negotiate peace with Turks ... he was emperor of all he surveyed ".

In return for the overthrow of the new sultan Bayezid, Prince Cem offered perpetual peace between the Ottoman Empire and Christendom.

He returned to Tripoli in 1277 and immediately made peace with Qalawun, the Mamluk sultan, and recognised Roger of San Severino as regent at Acre for Charles I of Jerusalem.

Tekuder sent a friendly letter to the Mamluk sultan and wished for peace.

The new young Ottoman sultan Osman II made peace with Persia and promised to burn the Commonwealth to the ground and " water his horses in the Baltic Sea ".

An uneasy situation of no war, no peace, existed, with the sultan controlling Muscat and the coastal towns and the imam ruling the interior.

The peace treaty was extended, and the sultan promised to displace the Budjak Horde but never did so.

On June 1444 the Hungarian King signed a peace treaty ( Peace of Szeged ) with the Turkish sultan Murad II that would last for 10 years, but seeing this as a mistake and considering the moment and the circumstances appropriated for a new war, Cesarini insisted that the Hungarian King Władysław should break the treaty, and so it happened in September of the same year, when they all marched to the Balcans in a new campaign.

Period of relative peace ended in 1438 when Ottoman army, headed by the sultan Murad II himself, attacked and sacked Serbia.

In 1875 the Sudanese sultan Rabih az-Zubayr governed Upper-Oubangui, which included present-day CAR.

On 29 May 1453, Turkish sultan Mehmed II " the Conqueror " entered Constantinople after a 53 – day siege during which his cannon had torn a huge hole in the Walls of Theodosius II.

Evidence of the bias toward portraying Mehmed as an intelligent military leader is reflected in the statement: " The sultan ordered the setting up of his secret weapon which he had invented himself.

This was a most atypical piece of headgear for a Turkish sultan, which he probably never normally wore, but which he placed beside him when receiving visitors, especially ambassadors.

The sultan provided the pasha with a corps of janissaries, which was in turn divided into a number of companies under the command of a junior officer or bey.

A culmination of the Albanian National Awakening were the League of Prizren ( 1878 – 1881, with the backing of sultan Abdulhamid II ) and the League of Peja, but they were unsuccessful to an Albanian independence, which occurred only in 1912, through the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Damietta was captured without resistance when the crusaders landed in June 1249, but the crusade halted there until November, by which time the Egyptian sultan Ayyub had died and had been succeeded by his son Turanshah.

He had begun with the rapid capture of the port of Damietta in June 1249, an attack which did cause some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan was on his deathbed.

During this time, the Ayyubid sultan died, and a sudden power shift took place, as the sultan's wife Shajar al-Durr set events in motion which were to make her Queen, and eventually place the Egyptian army of the Mamluks in power.

The status of Maldives as a British protectorate was officially recorded in an 1887 agreement in which the sultan accepted British influence over Maldivian external relations and defence.

In the months that followed independence, Mohammed V proceeded to build a modern governmental structure under a constitutional monarchy in which the sultan would exercise an active political role.

Moulay Rachid, proclaimed sultan in Fès in 1666, started reunification of Morocco which concluded under his brother in 1669

Ottoman defeats in the war caused Mehmed III to take personal command of the army, the first sultan to do so since Suleyman I. Mehmed III's armies conquered Eger in 1596 and defeated the Habsburg and Transylvanian forces at the Battle of Keresztes ( Turkish for Battle of Hacova ) during which the Sultan had to be dissuaded from fleeing the field halfway through the battle.

The relatively recent name of " Muscat and Oman " ( which was abolished in 1970 in favor of " Sultanate of Oman "), implies two historically irreconcilable political cultures: the coastal tradition, the more cosmopolitan, secular, Muscat tradition of the coast ruled by the sultan ; and the interior tradition of insularity, tribal in origin and ruled by an imam according to the ideological tenets of Ibadism.

This conflict was resolved temporarily by the Treaty of Seeb, which granted the imam rule in the interior Imamate of Oman, while recognising the sovereignty of the sultan in Muscat and its surroundings.

The fact that the emblem by which a sultan was enthroned consisted of a sword was highly symbolic: it showed that the office with which he was invested was first and foremost that of a warrior.

The expansion of the Ottoman Empire along the southern Mediterranean coast under sultan Selim I coincided with the establishment of Inquisition commissions by the Reyes Católicos in Spain, which ended centuries of the Iberian convivencia.

In order to force the recalcitrant Ottoman government to follow his policies, he established, from his camp, a powerful political network in Constantinople, which was joined even by the mother of the sultan.

This prosperous era continued through the reign of the ninth sultan, Hassan, who is credited with developing an elaborate Royal Court structure, elements of which remain today.

A messenger from Hassan arrived and stated, " Did I not wish the sultan well that the dagger which was struck in the hard ground would have been planted on your soft breast ".

It also has tunnels, which are used by the sultan on journeys through the town.