In addition to the milk glands, the breast also is composed of connective tissues ( collagen, elastin ), white fat, and the suspensory Cooper's ligaments.

The glandular tissue of the breast is biochemically supported with estrogen ; thus, when a woman reaches menopause ( cessation of menstruation ) and her body estrogen levels decrease, the milk gland tissue then atrophies, withers, and disappears, resulting in a breast composed of adipose tissue, superficial fascia, suspensory ligaments, and the skin envelope.

The angle of the breast apex is partly determined by the tautness of the suspensory Cooper's ligaments.

Cooper's ligaments ( also known as the suspensory ligaments of Cooper and the fibrocollagenous septa ) are connective tissue in the breast that help maintain structural integrity.

The ligaments run from the clavicle and the clavi-pectoral fascia branching out through and around breast tissue to the dermis of the skin overlying the breast.

The suspensory ligaments of Cooper play an important role in the change in appearance of the breast that often accompanies the development of inflammatory carcinoma of the breast in which blockage of the local lymphatic ducts causes swelling of the breast.

Many women have held the mistaken belief that sagging is caused by the failure of the Cooper's ligaments to support the breast tissue.

Dr. Christine Haycock, a respected surgeon at the New Jersey Medical School and an expert in sports medicine, said that " Cooper's ligaments have nothing to do with supporting breast tissue ...

However, sagging is not related to ligaments or dependent on breast size.

In each breast, 4 – 18 lactiferous ducts drain to the nipple ; the glands-to-fat ratio is 2: 1 in lactating women, and to 1: 1 in non-lactating women ; besides milk glands, the breast is composed of connective tissue ( collagen, elastin ), adipose tissue ( white fat ), and the suspensory Cooper's ligaments.

A reduction mammoplasty to re-size enlarged breasts and to correct breast ptosis resects ( cuts and removes ) excess tissues ( glandular, adipose, skin ), overstretched suspensory ligaments, and transposes the nipple-areola complex ( NAC ) higher upon the breast hemisphere.

Surgically, the breast is an apocrine gland overlaying the chest — attached at the nipple and suspended with ligaments from the chest — which is integral to the skin, the body integument of the woman.

The subcutaneous layer of adipose tissue in the breast is traversed with thin suspensory ligaments ( Cooper's ligaments ) that extend obliquely to the skin surface, and from the skin to the deep pectoral fascia.

* Suspensory ligaments of breast or Cooper's ligaments

The suspensory Cooper ’ s ligaments are fibrous-tissue prolongations that radiate from the superficial fascia to the skin envelope.

He has lost connection with the Head, from whom the whole body, supported and held together by its ligaments and sinews, grows as God causes it to grow.

The study of ligaments is known as desmology ( from Greek, desmos, " bond "; and ,-logia ).

Certain tubular structures from the fetal period are referred to as ligaments after they close up and turn into cord-like structures:

Those who have suffered injury or disease affecting the muscles, bones, ligaments, or tendons will benefit from assessment by a physical therapist specialized in orthopedics.

Other distinguishing characteristics that set Pteranodon apart from other pterosaurs include narrow neural spines on the vertebrae, plate-like bony ligaments strengthening the vertebrae above the hip, and a relatively short tail in which the last few vertebrae are fused into a long rod.

An area of bone receiving tension from periodontal ligaments attached to a tooth moving away from it has a high number of osteoblasts, resulting in bone formation.

Heatley suffered a broken jaw and arm, a sprained wrist, and torn ACL and MCL knee ligaments, but Snyder died five days later due to septic shock from his injuries.

Earlier, on 24 September 1983, Goiko achieved notoriety for an infamous tackle on Diego Maradona in a league match at the Camp Nou, ferociously tackling the Argentine from behind and leaving him severely injured, and reportedly later keeping " the boot he had used to destroy ...( Maradona ’ s ) ankle ligaments " at home in a glass case.

Image: Gray919. png | Chain of ossicles and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical, transverse section of the tympanum.

File: Gray919. png | Chain of ossicles and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical, transverse section of the tympanum.

He had been recovering from surgery in November 2004 to repair torn ligaments in his left foot.

Image: Gray919. png | Chain of ossicles and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical, transverse section of the tympanum.

Non specific pain indicates that the cause is not known precisely but is believed to be due from the soft tissues such as muscles, fascia, and ligaments.

Transition from modal voice to falsetto occurs when each vocal cord's main body, or vocalis muscle, relaxes, enabling the cricothyroid muscles to stretch the vocal ligaments.

The posterior and anterior meniscofemoral ligaments stretch from posterior horn of lateral meniscus to the medial femoral condyle.

The meniscotibial ligaments ( or " coronary ") stretches from inferior edges of the mensici to the periphery of the tibial plateaus.

The meningeal branches ( recurrent meningeal or sinuvertebral nerves ) branch from the spinal nerve and re-enter the intervertebral foramen to serve the ligaments, dura, blood vessels, intervertebral discs, facet joints, and periosteum of the vertebrae.

Image: Gray347. png | Right knee-joint, from the front, showing interior ligaments.

Image: Gray348. png | Left knee-joint from behind, showing interior ligaments.

Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the spinal accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments.

Torn ligaments and other problems resulting from dislocation can increase the chance of repeated dislocation.

When ligaments that hold the AC ( acromioclavicular ) joint together are partially or completely torn, the outer end of the clavicle may slip out of place, preventing it from properly meeting the scapula.

However, if ligaments are severely torn, surgical repair may be required to hold the clavicle in place.

The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle ( collarbone ), the scapula ( shoulder blade ), and the humerus ( upper arm bone ) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons.

The acromioclavicular joint, the joint between the acromion process on the scapula and the clavicle, is similarly strengthened by strong ligaments, especially the coracoclavicular ligament which prevents excessive lateral and medial movements.

The uterus is held in position within the pelvis by condensations of endopelvic fascia, which are called ligaments.

Target tissues may include muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia, skin, joints, or other connective tissue, as well as lymphatic vessels, or organs of the gastrointestinal system.

Biological structures such as muscles, bones, fascia, ligaments and tendons, or rigid and elastic cell membranes, are made strong by the unison of tensioned and compressed parts.

cache-sexe – Caesarian section – CAH – call girl – Calymmatobacterium granulomatis – cameltoe – camp ( style ) – camp follower – Canal of Nuck – canal of the cervix – candaulism – Candida albicans – candidiasis – caning – canon law – capacitation – capnolagnia – cardinal ligament – caress – carezza – carunculae myrtiformes – Giacomo Casanova – Cass Identity Model – castration – castration anxiety – castration cult – castration fear – castrato – casual relationship – casual sex – cat fighting – catamite – catecholamine – catfight – Catherinette – catheter ( sexology ) – catheterophilia – Catholic marriage – cavernous nerves of penis – cavum Douglasi – celebrity sex tape – celibacy – celibate marriage – cerclage – cerebral cortex – Certified Sex Therapist-Certified Sex Addiction Therapist-cervical cancer – cervical cap – cervical dysplasia – cervical incompetence – cervical stitch – cervicitis – cervix – CFNM – Chadwick's sign – chancre – Chancroid – chaperon ( e ) – chaperone – charivari – charms – chastity – chastity belt – chastity cage – chastity device – chastity ring – chemical abortion – chemise cagoule – Cheryl Chase – Chevalier d ' Eon – chikan ( body contact ) – child abduction – child marriage – child pornography – child sexual abuse – child sexuality – childbirth – chimera – Chinese marriage – Chinese marriage customs – Chlamydia – Chlamydia trachomatis – chloasma – chordee – choreophilia – choriocarcinoma – chorion – chorionation – chorionic gonadotropin – chrematistophilia – Christian marriage customs – Christian view of marriage – Christina piercing – chromosomal mosaicism – chromosome – chronophilia – chubby chaser – Chukri System – Cialis – cicatrization – circadian – circle jerk – circuit party – circumcision – circumcision scar – civil marriage – civil union – clamp ( BDSM ) – classical friendship – clear cell tumor – clear plastic fetishism – cleft of Venus – Cleveland steamer – climacteric – climax – clinical sexologist – clinical sexology – clip joint – clitoral crura – clitoral glans – clitoral hood – clitoral hood piercing – clitoral orgasm – clitoral reduction – clitoral-vaginal index – clitoridectomy – clitoridotomy – clitorilingus – clitoris – clitoris piercing – clitorism – clitoromegaly – clitoropenis – cloacal exstrophy – the closet – clothed female, naked male – clothed male, naked female – clubwear – CMNF – cock and ball torment – cockblock – cock cage – cock harness – cock ring – cock stuffing – cock vore – cock-stuffing – cockstuffing – coemptio – coercive sexual behavior – cohabitation – coital alignment technique – coital aninsertia – coital fantasy – coition – coitus – coitus interfemoris – coitus interruptus – coitus more ferarum – coitus reservatus – coitus à cheval – coitus à mammilla – coitus à unda – cold knife cone biopsy – collaborative divorce – collar ( BDSM ) – Collaring – colovaginoplasty – colposcope – colposcopy – colposuspension – combined oral contraceptive – Alex Comfort – coming out – commitment ceremony – common penile artery – common prostitute – common-law husband – common-law marriage – common-law wife – commune – companiable love – companionate love – compensated dating – comprehensive sex education – compulsive cruising – computer sex – Anthony Comstock – conception – conceptive phase – concubinage – concubine – concupiscence – condom – condom fatigue – condoms, needles, and negotiation – confarreatio – confetti – congenital adrenal hyperplasia – congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia – conjugal visit – connection between paraphilia and sex crimes – consanguinity – consecrated virgin – consensual BDSM – consensual crime – consensual sex – consenting adult – constriction ( sexology ) – consummation – contact magazine – contact rapist – contact tracing – continence – continuous abstinence – contraception – contraceptive – contraceptive film – contraceptive foam – contraceptive patch – contraceptive pill – contraceptive sponge – conversion party – conversion therapy – Coolidge effect – Cooper's ligaments – coprography – coprolagnia – coprolalia – coprophagia – coprophagy – coprophilia – copulate – copulation – copulation fantasy – core gender identity – corona glandis – corona of glans penis – corona radiata ( embryology ) – coronal sulcus – corpora cavernosa – corpus albicans – corpus cavernosum – corpus cavernosum clitoridis – corpus cavernosum penis – corpus hemorrhagicum – corpus luteum – corpus spongiosum – corpus spongiosum penis – corset – corsetting – cortisol – cortisone – costumes – cottaging – counseling – courtesan – courting-courting bench – courtly love – courtship – courtship disorder – Couvade – Couvade syndrome – cowgirl sex position – Cowper's fluid – Cowper's glands – crab louse – crack whore – creampie ( sexual act ) – Creighton Model – cremaster muscle – cremasteric fascia – cremasteric reflex – Cretan pederasty – crime against nature – crime of passion – critical period – cross dressing – cross-complementation – cross-cousin marriage – cross-dresser – cross-dressing – cross-identification – crotchless panties – cruising – cruising ( for sex ) – cruising for sex – crus glandis clitoridis – crus of penis – crush fetish – cryptomenorrhea – cryptorchidism – cryptorchism – crystal and sex – crystal dick – cuckold – cuckold fetishism – cuckoldry – cum – cum swallowing – cum swapping – cumulus oophorus – cunnilinctus – cunnilingus – cunnus – cunt – cupping – curettage – curtesy – Cushing's syndrome – cutting – cybersex – cyproterone – cyproterone acetate – cystitis – cystoscope – cystoscopy – cystostomy – cytogenetic syndrome – Cytomegalovirus –

Soft tissue includes tendons, ligaments, fascia, skin, fibrous tissues, fat, and synovial membranes ( which are connective tissue ), and muscles, nerves and blood vessels ( which are not connective tissue ).

The human spine is made up of a complex chain of ligaments, fascia, bone, muscles and inter-vertebral discs which is required to be both stable and flexible.

Breast ptosis is related to the laxity of the superficial fascia, suspensory ligaments and skin

The tibiofascialis anterior, a small muscle from the lower part of the tibia to the transverse or cruciate crural ligaments or deep fascia.

* Active Release Techniques-soft tissue system / movement based massage technique that treats problems with muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia and nerves.

In surgery, the shelving is the fascia between the inguinal ligaments and above the pubic symphysis.

There are other deep-to-superficial skin ligaments, such as " Cooper's ligaments ", which are present in the breast and are found between the pectoralis major fascia and the skin.