By the spring of 1881, prematurely aged and nearly blind, Mariette arranged for the appointment of the Frenchman Gaston Maspero ( a linguist rather than an archaeologist, who he had met at the Exposition in 1867 ), to ensure that France retained its supremacy in Egyptology, rather than an Englishman.

In 2002, O ' Donohue launched a court action that argued the Act of Settlement violates the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, but the case was dismissed by the court, which found that, as the Act of Settlement is part of the Canadian constitution, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms does not have supremacy over it.

The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the Commons.

The Court upheld the Judiciary Act, which permitted it to hear appeals from state courts, on the grounds that Congress had passed it under the supremacy clause.

The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected House of Commons of the United Kingdom over the unelected House of Lords.

Archbishop Cranmer's sentence took statutory form as the Act of Succession, the Dispensations Act reiterated royal supremacy, and the Act for the Submission of the Clergy incorporated into law the clergy's surrender in 1532.

Leicester enforced the Thirty-nine Articles and the oath of royal supremacy at Oxford, and obtained from the Queen an incorporation by Act of Parliament for the university.

With the Charter's supremacy confirmed by section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982, the courts continued their practice of striking down unconstitutional statutes or parts of statutes as they had with earlier case law regarding federalism.

The term dissenter came into use, particularly after the Act of Toleration ( 1689 ), which exempted Nonconformists who had taken the oaths of allegiance and supremacy from penalties for non-attendance at the services of the Church of England.

The Irish Catholic Relief Act by Irish Parliament in 1793 ( which followed the 1791 British Parliament Act ), allowed Catholics to take degrees at Trinity College Dublin, by taking an oath of allegiance to the King but not supremacy which would negate their Catholic faith.

As enacted in 1922, Section 2 of the Act provided for the supremacy of the Treaty's provisions, voiding any part of the Constitution or other Free State law that was " repugnant " to it.

The Act also required all subjects, if commanded, to swear an oath to recognize this Act as well as the King's supremacy.

This provision maintained the supremacy of the British North America Act in Canadian law until the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1982.

On 12 January, he introduced a measure that would require every peer, including the Duke of York, to take the Oath of Allegiance renouncing the pope and recognising the royal supremacy in the church ( the oath was first required by the Popish Recusants Act of 1605 ).

One of the major criticisms of the Human Rights Act prior to its introduction was that it would result in unelected judges making substantive judgments about government policies and " legislating " in their amendments to the common law resulting in a usurpation of Parliament's legislative supremacy and an expansion of the UK courts ' justiciability.

However, this supremacy conceptually derives from the European Communities Act 1972 and its successors, which could in theory be repealed by a future parliament.

As with the UK's membership of the European Union, the principle of parliamentary supremacy means that Parliament can at any time vote to repeal the Human Rights Act, and indeed the UK's ratification of the Convention itself.

After the Restoration Francis Thornes was one of the Commissioners appointed under an Act of 1661 for administering oaths of allegiance and supremacy to all office holders in Shrewsbury, and for removing from office all disaffected persons.

As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought Spain, France, and the Netherlands for supremacy in North America and the West Indies.

For more than one hundred years, English and French trading companies had fought one another for supremacy, and by the middle of the 18th century competition between the British and the French had heated up.

Romanticism had been, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a revolt against the effects of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois values, while emphasizing individual, subjective experience, the sublime, and the supremacy of " Nature ", as subjects for art, and revolutionary, or radical extensions of expression, and individual liberty.

To have had any chance of success, however, the operation would have required air and naval supremacy over the English Channel-neither of which the Germans ever had at any stage during the Battle of Britain.

Bismarck was intent on maintaining royal supremacy by ending the budget deadlock in the King's favour, even if he had to use extralegal means to do so.

However, upon being elected Pope at the papal conclave of 1303, he released King Philip IV of France from the excommunication that had been laid upon him by Boniface VIII, and practically ignored Boniface's bull Unam sanctam, which asserted papal supremacy over secular rulers.

Following the victory at Heavenfield, Oswald reunited Northumbria and re-established the Bernician supremacy which had been interrupted by Edwin.

After the death of Henry II ( 3 July 1024 ), Stephen broke with the German alliance, because the new Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad II claimed supremacy over the Kingdom of Hungary, while Stephen demanded the Duchy of Bavaria for his son Emeric who was the nearest relative of the deceased Emperor Henry II ( who himself had been the last male descendant of the old dukes of Bavaria ).

" It was specifically decried in the Declaration of the Catholic Congress at Munich, in the Theses of Bonn, and in the Declaration of Utrecht, which became the foundational documents of Old Catholics ( Altkatholische ) who split with Rome over the declaration on infallibility and supremacy, joining the Old Episcopal Order Catholic See of Utrecht, which had been independent from Rome since 1723.

In later Classical times, Sparta along with Athens, Thebes, and Persia had been the main powers fighting for supremacy against each other.

The British victory spectacularly confirmed the naval supremacy that Britain had established during the previous century and was achieved in part through Nelson's departure from the prevailing naval tactical orthodoxy, which involved engaging an enemy fleet in a single line of battle parallel to the enemy to facilitate signalling in battle and disengagement, and to maximise fields of fire and target areas.

The Romans believed that Jupiter granted them supremacy because they had honored him more than any other people had.

It is entirely probable that, if Bermuda had not been so remote from the continental coastline, and had the Royal Navy not enjoyed near supremacy on the ocean, Bermuda would have been the fourteenth colony to join the rebellion.

The written sources suggest that from the end of the 1st century to the second half of the 4th century the Alans had supremacy over the tribal union and created a powerful confederation of Sarmatian tribes.

As pope, he continued the policy of his predecessor Leo who, in his contest with Hilary of Arles, had obtained from Valentinian III a famous rescript of 445 confirming the supremacy of the Bishop of Rome.

There the social and ecclesiastical reforms in the spirit of the Enlightenment, which had been undertaken by Emperor Joseph II ( 1765 – 90 ) and his minister Kaunitz touched the supremacy of Rome so nearly that in the hope of staying them Pius VI adopted the exceptional course of visiting Vienna in person.

Until 1230 Llywelyn had used the title princeps Norwalliæ ' Prince of North Wales ', but from that year he changed his title to ' Prince of North Wales and Lord of Snowdonia ', possibly to underline his supremacy over the other Welsh princes.

His supremacy, like that of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, had been merely personal in nature, and there was no institutional framework to maintain it either during his lifetime or after his death.

After so many years, the intent to stop blacks from voting had become part of the culture of white supremacy.

In accepting the papacy, Sarto took as his papal name Pius X, out of respect for his recent predecessors of the same name, particularly Pope Pius IX ( 1846 – 78 ), who had fought against theological liberals and for papal supremacy.

While these old maps are originally seen as representation of Christian proselytizing influence, they also exude an ideal of European supremacy.

The Oxford English Dictionary says that the phrase " tug of war " originally meant " the decisive contest ; the real struggle or tussle ; a severe contest for supremacy ".

The land originally comprised most of the independent Boer South African Republic, which had existed since 1856, despite two previous failed attempts by the British to establish supremacy.

" one who prepares against "), which emphasizes the emperor's military supremacy and is the source of the English word emperor ; caesar, which was originally a name but it came to be used for the designated heir ( as Nobilissimus Caesar, " Most Noble Caesar ") and was retained upon accession.

It does not seem that the word " Connacht " can originally have meant ' the descendants of Conn '; it may have meant ' headship ' or ' supremacy ' from " cond " or " conn ", head, and later have been interpreted as meaning " the descendants of Conn ", Conn Cetchathach being derived from the word " Connacht " rather than vice versa.

Note that due to the original formulation of the Laws in England and the early supremacy of the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units.

The town of Lansingburgh was originally intended as the site for the principal city north of Albany on the east bank of the Hudson river ; but the inhabitants of the settlement a mile or two south of New City, as the village of Lansingburgh was first known, took advantage of the opportunities which presented themselves in rapid succession, and the prestige which in the natural order of things should have gone to Lansingburgh went to Troy, which rapidly outran its rival in the race for commercial supremacy in Rensselaer County.