The multinucleated ( symplastic ) arrangement of skeletal muscle is important in pathologic states such as myopathy, where focal necrosis ( death ) of a portion of a skeletal muscle fibers does not result in necrosis death of the adjacent sections of that same skeletal muscle fiber, because those adjacent sections have their own nuclear material.

Passage cells are endodermal cells of older roots which have retained thin walls and Casparian strips rather than becoming subarized and waterproof like the other cells around them, to continue to allow some symplastic flow to the inside.

Although cell walls are permeable to small soluble proteins and other solutes, plasmodesmata enable direct, regulated, symplastic intercellular transport of substances between cells.

* Parenchyma cells are living cells that have diverse functions ranging from storage and support to photosynthesis and phloem loading ( transfer cells ).

The companion cells, connected to the sieve tubes via plasmodesmata, are responsible for loading the phloem with sugars.

This process is termed translocation, and is accomplished by a process called phloem loading and unloading.

The actively-transported apoplastic phloem loading is viewed as more advanced, as it is found in the later-evolved plants, and particularly in those in temperate and arid conditions.

The Pressure flow hypothesis was a hypothesis proposed by Ernst Münch in 1930 that explained the mechanism of phloem translocation.

The pressure flow hypothesis proposes a mechanism for phloem sap transport.

The disease attacks the phloem tissue and the cambium of the roots and root collars about 10-20 centimeters above ground.

The cortex is often fibrous, built of soft phloem layers.

Sclerenchyma fibres are not involved in conduction, either of water and nutrients ( as in the xylem ) or of carbon compounds ( as in the phloem ), but it is likely that they may have evolved as modifications of xylem and phloem initials in early land plants.

The conduction of food is a complex process that is carried in the plant with the help of special cell called phloem cells.

Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants ( phloem is the other ).

In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients ( known as photosynthate ), in particular, sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed.

In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, hence the name, derived from the Greek word ( phloos ) " bark ".

The phloem is concerned mainly with the transport of soluble organic material made during photosynthesis.

Although its primary function is fluid transport, phloem may also contain supportive cells.

Unlike xylem ( which is composed primarily of dead cells ), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap.

The movement in phloem is multidirectional, whereas, in xylem cells, it is unidirectional ( upward ).

While movement of water and minerals through the xylem is driven by negative pressures ( tension ) most of the time, movement through the phloem is driven by positive hydrostatic pressures.

Primary phloem is laid down by the apical meristem and develops from the procambium.

Secondary phloem is laid down by the vascular cambium to the inside of the established layer ( s ) of phloem.

Internal phloem is mostly primary, and begins differentiation later than the external phloem and protoxylem, though it is not without exceptions.

It is composed mostly of dead cells and is produced by the formation of multiple layers of suberized periderm, cortical and phloem tissue.

The white or yellow latex occurs in latex vessels in the bark, mostly outside the phloem.

The concentration and apparent localization of the WTV antigen in pseudophloem tissue of the tumor may indicate that the virus preferentially multiplies in the phloem and may need to be directly placed in this tissue in order to infect plants.

Nonvascular plants do not have xylem nor phloem.

After the development of xylem and phloem, vascualar plants developed along two lines: cryptogams which reproduce by spores and which developed first, and spermatophytes, which reproduce by seed.

Woody plants, such as azaleas and oaks, undergo a secondary growth phase resulting in two additional types of tissues: wood ( secondary xylem ) and bark ( secondary phloem and cork ).

In plants with secondary growth, the vascular cambium, originating between the xylem and the phloem, forms a cylinder of tissue along the stem and root.

Sieve cells are the more primitive of the two main conducting cell types in phloem, and are found in most seedless vascular plants ( e. g., ferns, club mosses, horsetails ) and gymnosperms ( conifers, Ginkgo, etc .).

Some plants, however, appear not to load phloem by active transport.

Because phloem tubes sit on the outside of the xylem in most plants, a tree or other plant can be effectively killed by stripping away the bark in a ring on the trunk or stem.

Xylem and phloem tissues are involved in the conduction processes within plants.

Examples of tissue in other multicellular organisms are vascular tissue in plants, such as xylem and phloem.

Whiteflies feed by tapping into the phloem of plants, introducing toxic saliva and decreasing the plants ' overall turgor pressure.

Whatever their form, the body of all brown algae is termed a thallus, indicating that it lacks the complex xylem and phloem of vascular plants.

In some brown algae, the pith region includes a core of elongated cells that resemble the phloem of vascular plants both in structure and function.

One notable character of the family is that the phloem is located on both sides of the xylem, not just outside as in most other plants.

Non-vascular plants is a general term for those plants without a vascular system ( xylem and phloem ).

Botanically, the fibers harvested from many of these plants are bast fibers ; the fibers come from the phloem tissue of the plant.

The stipe of a kelp often contains a central region of cells that, like the phloem of vascular plants, serves to transport nutrients within the alga.