It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.

In more recent times, overt slavery has been replaced by " para-slavery " or slavery-in-kind, including the sharecropping system.

These films were shot in a documentary style with many nonprofessional actors ; like his earlier films, they portrayed everyday life under the weight of an oppressive system, but without overt commentary.

The establishment of a royal system seems to have involved conflict and violence, eventually leading to a division of villages into one of two systems of tradition, Bodi Caniago and Koto Piliang, the later having overt allegiances to royalty.

The ACC staging system is useful in that Stage A encompasses " pre-heart failure " — a stage where intervention with treatment can presumably prevent progression to overt symptoms.

A key component in the argument in favour of overt political independence is that new legislation and a new system of governance could best secure the future development of modern Québécois culture.

Ellis and Lewis argue that the syndrome arises from an intact system for overt recognition coupled with a damaged system for covert recognition, which leads to conflict over an individual being identifiable but not familiar in any emotional sense.

Bullying can also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself: There is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse ( relational aggression or passive aggression ), humiliation, or exclusion — even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies.

In a single-party system other parties are banned, but in dominant-party systems other political parties are tolerated, and ( in democratic dominant-party systems ) operate without overt legal impediment, but do not have a realistic chance of winning ; the dominant party genuinely wins the votes of the vast majority of voters every time ( or, in authoritarian systems, claims to ).

However, cytokines and chemokines also modulate central nervous system ( CNS ) function in the absence of overt immunological, physiological, or psychological challenges.

In criminology, a political crime or political offence is an offence involving overt acts or omissions ( where there is a duty to act ), which prejudice the interests of the state, its government or the political system.

But, fetuses and embryos, whose growth and development are highly controlled by the endocrine system, are more vulnerable to exposure and may suffer overt or subtle lifelong health and / or reproductive abnormalities.

A system high system cannot be trusted to preserve any trusted evidence, and the result is that an overt data path is opened with no logical way to securely mediate it.

Bypass can be risky because, unlike narrow bandwidth covert channels that are difficult to exploit, bypass can present a large, easily exploitable overt leak in the system.

The " Sailor Says " segments were eliminated, and much less overt censorship was in evidence, as the rules for children's television in America having been relaxed in the intervening years due to the advent of a TV ratings system ; the show itself was rated " TV-Y7-FV ".

Beyond editorial policies that may skew the impact factor, journals can take overt steps to game the system.

Some proponents of the " overt consent " theory hold that the act of voting implies consent, while others question the connection between voting and consenting to a particular scheme of representative, since some voters may oppose the system as a whole but desire to influence decisions on particular issues or candidates.

The Italian resistance movement resorted preferably to strikes and sabotage than to overt guerrilla, since those willing to fight mostly took to the Ossola mountains, but strengthened in time, suffering grievous losses to arrests, tortures and deportation to the Nazi lager system.

As the Journal reported, " Partly as a result of pressure brought by militant feminists both inside and outside the school system, training seminars for teachers were organized earlier this year to explore subtle and overt sex discrimination at Community High.

Municipal elections are officially non-partisan, but as with National Assembly elections, critics maintain that no candidate can express overt opposition to the Castro government or to the communist system.

The values placed by the Brandywine population, upon maintaining a certain homogeneity, a certain separate racial identity, and therefore a certain separate social status, are important for the morale of the system.

( 2 ) Realtors realize, of course, that they are involved in an increasingly complex legal and political system that is opening up opportunities for leverage on their relation to clients as well as opportunities for evasion of their responsibility for racial discrimination in housing.

Some referred to it a racial caste system.

While calling the social structure as a racial caste or caste-like system, these scholars noted that African Americans were segregated, shunned through refused entry into restaurants and hotels, isolated, excluded, and fixed in a hereditary system with the anti-miscegenation laws declaring interracial sex or marriage a criminal offense.

The Spanish and Portuguese colonists of the Americas instituted a system of racial and social stratification and segregation based on a person's heritage.

Experts and politicians said over-representation of black men was a result of decades of racial prejudice in the criminal justice system.

Ironically, one aspect of American society that the Americo-Liberians recreated was a cultural and racial caste system — however, in this case with themselves at the top instead of the bottom.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries anthropologists used a typological model to divide people from different ethnic regions into races, ( e. g. the Negroid race, the Caucasoid race, the Mongoloid race, the Australoid race, and the Capoid race which was the racial classification system as defined in 1962 by Carleton S. Coon ).

While many Latin American countries have long since rendered the system officially illegal through legislation, usually at the time of their independence, prejudice based on degrees of perceived racial distance from European ancestry combined with one ’ s socioeconomic status remain, an echo of the colonial caste system.

According to 19th century British historians, it was these " Aryans " who " invaded " India and established the caste system, an elitist act of social organization that ( according to the British ) separated the " light-skinned " Indo-Aryan conquerors from the " conquered dark-skinned " indigenous Dravidian tribes through enforcement of " racial endogamy ".

While many Latin American countries have long since rendered the system officially illegal through legislation, usually at the time of independence, prejudice based on degrees of perceived racial distance from European ancestry combined with one's socioeconomic status remain, an echo of the colonial caste system.

Some activists consider that the Indian caste system is a form of racial discrimination.

The United Kingdom has no legally sanctioned system of racial segregation and has a substantial list of laws that demand racial equality.

However due to many cultural differences a system of passively co-existing communities, segregated along racial lines has emerged in parts of the United Kingdom, with minority communities being left " marooned outside the mainstream ”.

The term white supremacy is used in academic studies of racial power to denote a system of structural racism which privileges white people over others, regardless of the presence or absence of racial hatred.

When they learn that a rocket is coming from Earth with white travelers, they institute a Jim Crow system of racial segregation in retaliation for how white people have treated blacks over the years.

First it entrenched the liberal Cape Qualified Franchise system of the Cape Colony which operated free of any racial considerations ( although due to socio-economic restrictions no real political expression of non-whites was possible.

However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain: a class system that was breaking down but defended by those whose power and status it upheld ; the multi-ethnic composition of Hogwarts ' students ; the racial tensions between the various intelligent species ; and school bullying.

The discrimination of Roma people, in different parts of Europe, for the last 1000 years, has been an elaborate and complex social system.

An EU case concerning Italy extended this principle to the rest of the EU in that it stated that, " The principle of trade union freedom in the Italian system implies recognition of the right of the individual not to belong to any trade union (" negative " freedom of association / trade union freedom ), and the unlawfulness of discrimination liable to cause harm to non-unionized employees.

Depression is a more significant problem among women who feel they must hide their sexual orientation from friends and family, or experience compounded ethnic or religious discrimination, or endure relationship difficulties with no support system.

The participants of the United Nations Conference Against Racism in Durban, South Africa in March 2001, condemned discrimination due to the caste system, and tried to pass a resolution declaring that caste as a basis for the segregation and oppression of peoples in terms of their descent and occupation is a form of apartheid.

Ten microsatellites plus a marker for sex determination are used with the current system developed for the NDNAD, giving a discrimination power of one in over a billion.

" Similarly, he questioned whether the second principle means that anthropologists " approve the social caste system of India, the racial caste system of the United States, or many other varieties of social discrimination in the world ".

In Portuguese-speaking Latin America ( i. e., Brazil ), a milder form of caste system existed, although it also provided for legal and social discrimination among individuals belonging to different races, since slavery for blacks existed until the late 19th century.

As Paul Craig Roberts notes: " discrimination of US products is reinforced by the US tax system, which imposes no appreciable tax burden on foreign goods and services sold in the US but imposes a heavy tax burden on US producers of goods and services regardless of whether they are sold within the US or exported to other countries.

In this view, the apparent forces that seem to permit discrimination between relative and " absolute " motions should only be considered as an effect of the particular asymmetry that there is in our reference system between the bodies which we consider in motion, that are small ( like buckets ), and the bodies that we believe are still ( the earth and distant stars ), that are overwhelmingly bigger and heavier than the former.

Born into a poor Mahar ( considered an Untouchable caste ) family, Ambedkar campaigned against social discrimination, the system of Chaturvarna – the categorization of Hindu society into four varnas – and the Hindu caste system.

There are many reasons why births go unregistered, including social and cultural beliefs and attitudes ; alternative documents and naming ceremonies ; remote areas, poor infrastructure ; economic barriers ; lack of office staff, equipment and training ; legal and political restrictions ; fear of discrimination and persecution ; war, conflict and unrest or simply the fact that there is no system in place.

Another prominent area of concern is lack of labor rights, which is related to the hukou system, the absence of independent unions, and discrimination against rural workers and ethnic minorities.

The discrimination enforced by the hukou system became particularly onerous in the 1980s after hundreds of millions of migrant laborers were forced out of state corporations and co-operatives.

The Education Office of that day had to administer a somewhat chaotic system of government grants to local schools, and Lingen was conspicuous for his fearless discrimination and rigid economy, qualities which characterized his whole career.

Heterosexism is a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships.

Separately from the student-run honor system, the Student-Faculty Hearing Board hears allegations of prohibited student discrimination, harassment, sexual misconduct, and hazing by individuals and retaliation.

He mocks Lewis Powell's dismissal of statistical evidence of racial discrimination in capital sentencing in McCleskey v. Kemp and his dissent in which he states " McCleskey's claim, taken to its logical conclusion, throws into serious question the principles that underlie our entire criminal justice system ".

Thus, most modern Hindu reform movements advocate a return to supposed ancient, egalitarian forms of Hinduism, and view aspects of modern Hinduism, such as discrimination and the caste system, as being corrupt results from colonialism and foreign influence.

Other social reforms were addressed as well ; discrimination based on the class system, slavery, underage marriage were all banned and widows were granted the right to remarry.