The mercy that Christ infused into Mosaic Law underlies the injury tariffs that figure so prominently in barbarian law codes, since Christian synods " established, through that mercy which Christ taught, that for almost every misdeed at the first offence secular lords might with their permission receive without sin the monetary compensation, which they then fixed.

Reduced tariffs and established new regulations aimed at controlling the proliferation of non-tariff barriers and voluntary export restrictions.

To aid faltering industries, the Chancellor abandoned free trade and established protectionist tariffs ( taxes on imports ), which alienated the National Liberals who demanded free trade.

* 1087: a new office at the Chinese international seaport of Quanzhou is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.

To this end he established port tariffs that were biased against European traders and preferential for Mysorean and Arab traders.

In addition to the Permanent Fund, the state also maintains the Constitutional Budget Reserve, a separate savings account established in 1990 after a legal dispute over pipeline tariffs generated a one-time payment of more than $ 1. 5 billion from the oil companies.

The highlight of his legislative career was the Ley Power (" the Power Act "), which designated five ports for free commerce — Fajardo, Mayagüez, Aguadilla, Cabo Rojo and Ponce, established the reduction of most tariffs and eliminated the flour monopoly, in addition to establishing other economic reforms with the goal of developing a more efficient economy.

Finally, the chapter established a Committee on Trade in Goods with the purpose of providing arbitration for each country to " raise issues of concern in relation to tariffs, non-tariff measures, rules of origin and customs administration.

The state of Andhra Pradesh, for example, enacted an electricity reform law ; unbundled the utility into one generation, one transmission, and four distribution and supply companies ; and established an independent regulatory commission responsible for licensing, setting tariffs, and promoting efficiency and competition.

These articles established export and import tariffs and the concept of " extraterritoriality " ( i. e. Japan held no jurisdiction over foreign criminals in its land.

Treaties for arbitration of disputes and adjustment of tariffs were adopted, and the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics, which became the Pan-American Union, was established.

The company was established to avoid import tariffs imposed in 1881 in France on goods imported from Belgium.

When the Australian government levied high import tariffs on GBC products in 1966, the company established an Australian manufacturing facility and purchased a Sydney-based firm to manufacture binding supplies from raw materials exported from the United States.

Ricardo, for example, expressed doubt that the removal of grain tariffs advocated by Richard Cobden and the Anti-Corn Law League would have any general benefits.

A free-trade area is a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-trade agreement ( FTA ), which eliminates tariffs, import quotas, and preferences on most ( if not all ) goods and services traded between them.

Import tariffs have been lowered in conjunction with Guatemala's Central American neighbors so that most fall between 0 % and 15 %, with further reductions planned.

Lesotho, is a member of the Southern African Customs Union ( SACU ) in which tariffs have been eliminated on the trade of goods between other member countries, which also include Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland.

On the other hand, many other motivations for revolution have been documented, including taxation, tariffs, and lack of protection of rights that settlers had become accustomed to in the United States.

But they also understood that to gain political support for high tariffs they would have to assure the public that industries would not combine to increase prices to politically prohibitive levels.

With this information, he calculated that tariffs had not reached the maximum revenue rate, and therefore a reduction, not an increase, in the tariff would have reduced revenue and the federal surplus.

Andorra's comparative advantage has recently eroded as the economies of neighboring France and Spain have been opened up, providing broader availability of goods and lower tariffs.

It also reduced the cost of tariffs GM would have needed to pay, had they imported US-market Pontiacs Up North.

Many Conservatives continued to prefer tariffs ( indirect taxes on imported goods ) which, it was felt, would encourage British industry and trade within the Empire, although the proposal continued to be something of an electoral liability in the 1906 and 1910 General Elections as it also would have meant taxes on food imports.

As part of building a common market, tariffs on agricultural products would have to be removed.

Some non member countries have negotiated quotas which allow them to sell particular goods within the EU without tariffs.

CAP price intervention has been criticised for creating artificially high food prices throughout the EU .. High import tariffs ( estimated at 18 – 28 %) have the effect of keeping prices high by restricting competition by non-EU producers.

These subsidies have remained in place even though many international accords have reduced other forms of subsidies or tariffs.

Subsequently Irish economic historians have found that many of his decisions on tariffs and licences were made on an ad-hoc basis, with little coherent policy and forward planning.

( see: Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act ) Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, export tariffs have similar effects as import tariffs.

In the modern trade arena many other initiatives besides tariffs have been called protectionist.

Although not common in modern times, governments have traditionally raised revenues from tariffs.

It drew specific boundaries and specified that all nations should have access to do business in the Congo with no tariffs.

As an alternative to official premium-rate numbers, service operators have been known to use kickbacks from high-rate international call tariffs to charge for their services.

That situation has changed, and under new WTO rules, many textile tariffs and quotas already have been eliminated, and liberalization of trade policy also is occurring on the complex agricultural front.

These countries protect their own agricultural sectors with high import tariffs and offer subsidies to their farmers, which some have contended as leading to the overproduction of commodities such as cotton, grain and milk.

Carnegie tried to keep this information concealed, but legal document released in 1900, during proceeding with the ex-chairman of Carnegie Steel Henry Clay Frick revealed how favorable the tariffs had been.

Passenger transit through Tajikistan has been hindered by periodic failures of Tajik Railways to pay transit tariffs and by safety issues.

The matter of trade tariffs had been a long-standing source of conflict between the various political units of Southern Africa.

When campaigning for president during 1928, one of Herbert Hoover's promises to help beleaguered farmers had been to increase tariffs of agricultural products.

In modern times, the political impact of tariffs has been seen in a positive and negative sense.

After Lloyd George ceased to be Prime Minister in late 1922, the two Liberal factions enjoyed an uneasy truce, which was deepened in late 1923 when Stanley Baldwin called an election on the issue of tariffs, which had been a major cause of the Liberal landslide of 1906.

Much had been proposed with regards to an imperial federation, a more coherent system of imperial defence and preferential tariffs, yet by 1895 when Chamberlain arrived at the Colonial Office, little had been achieved.

Such tariffs had previously existed in Britain, but had been abolished in the 1870s because of the free trade movement.

After the question of tariffs had largely been settled, Reid cast around for another cause to justify his party's existence.

Another challenge to the " most favoured nation " principle has been posed by regional trade blocs such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ), which have lowered or eliminated tariffs among the members while maintaining tariff walls between member nations and the rest of the world.

On November 11, 2003, the WTO came out against the steel tariffs, saying that they had not been imposed during a period of import surge — steel imports had actually dropped a bit during 2001 and 2002 — and that the tariffs therefore were a violation of America's WTO tariff-rate commitments.

During the course of the tariff debates, Edge has been described as a protectionist who voted in favor of higher tariffs on imported goods.

The United States has been accused of pursuing an aggressive trade policy, using or ignoring WTO rules ; the aspects of this causing most difficulty to the United Kingdom have been a successful challenge to the protection of small family banana farmers in the West Indies from large US corporations such as the American Financial Corporation, and high tariffs on British steel products.