While the exact meaning of the term layer-4 switch is vendor-dependent, it almost always starts with a capability for network address translation, but then adds some type of load distribution based on TCP sessions.

Although the Transmission control protocol ( TCP ) involves the term " transmission ", TCP and other transport layer protocols are typically not discussed in a textbook or course about data transmission, but in computer networking.

The term was popularized by its use in the first Soviet commercially-available UUCP and TCP / IP network, RELCOM ( a typical networking software package included Cyrillic KOI-8 to Volapuk transcoding utilities called tovol and fromvol, originally implemented by Vadim Antonov ), making it the likely origin of the usage of Volapuk as applied to Cyrillic encoding.

The term, TOE, is often used to refer to the NIC itself, although circuit board engineers may use it to refer only to the integrated circuit included on the card which processes the TCP headers.

Its name is a play on the term slip knot ( a type of knot ) against SLIP ( Serial Line Internet Protocol ) -- an early version of TCP / IP over modem lines — and not after the fact that, unlike Mosaic and Netscape browser offerings, a SLIP connection was not necessary to view graphical web content.

A printer that supports LPD / LPR is sometimes referred to as a " TCP / IP printer " ( TCP / IP is used to establish connections between printers and clients on a network ), although that term would be equally applicable to a printer that supports the Internet Printing Protocol.

In contrast to transport protocols at the transport level ( like TCP or UDP ), the term ' wire protocol ' is used to describe a common way to represent information at the application level.

It is a term that refers to one of the basic mechanisms used by protocols operating over a packet switched computer network to provide reliable communication ( such as that provided by a reliable byte stream, for example TCP ).

The term datagram appeared first within the project CYCLADES, a packet switching network created in the early 1970s, and was coined by Louis Pouzin by combining the words data and telegram.

The term datagram is often considered synonymous to packet but there are some nuances.

The term datagram is generally reserved for packets of an unreliable service that does not notify the user if delivery fails, while the term packet applies to any message formatted as a packet.

In general, the term packet applies to any message formatted as a packet, while the term datagram is reserved for packets of an " unreliable " service.

In England, " steam packet ", after its sailing predecessor, was the usual term ; even " steam barge " could be used.

Confusingly, these are usually marked Registered Letter but that term strictly only relates to a normal letter or packet that has extra postage and markings applied so that it may travel under the registered mail service.

* The term network segment is sometimes used to refer to the portion of a computer network in which computers can access each other using a data link layer protocol ( e. g., in Ethernet, this would be the ability to send an Ethernet packet to others using their MAC addresses ).

The term derives from a fanciful image of each little option bit in a header being represented by a different-colored light bulb, all turned on, as in, " the packet was lit up like a Christmas tree.

The description, in which the term cell is equivalent to packet in Turner's description is given by the ITU-T as follows: “ The continuous-state leaky bucket can be viewed as a finite capacity bucket whose real-valued content drains out at a continuous rate of 1 unit of content per time unit and whose content is increased by the increment T for each conforming cell ...

The term rotates the wave packet in the plane.

Studies involving an additional nonlinear term have shown that such terms have a profound effect on wave packet, including amongst other things, a self-steepening of the wave packet.

The term can be used generically to refer to the classification of network traffic within network equipment based on packet inspection.

ATM standards use the term " convergence " to describe mechanisms that recognize the end of a packet.

From the 1830s the term " steam packet " was commonly applied to early steam ship services that, at least in theory, offered a regular and reliable service, and is perpetuated today by many waterfront establishments around Australia bearing such names as the " Steam Packet Inn " or " Steam Packet Hotel ".

" The term has its origins back to 1924 when the National Biscuit Company ( Nabisco ) introduced a snack, put in a 5-cent sealed packet called " Peanut Sandwich Packet ".

The term " allocution " is generally only in use in jurisdictions in the United States, though there are vaguely similar processes in other common law countries.

The term Angst distinguishes itself from the word Furcht ( German for " fear ") in that Furcht is a negative anticipation regarding a concrete threat, while Angst is a ( possibly nondirectional ) emotion, though the terms are colloquially sometimes used synonymously.

In strict analysis, abbreviations should not be confused with contractions or acronyms ( including initialisms ), with which they share some semantic and phonetic functions, though all three are connoted by the term " abbreviation " in loose parlance. An abbreviation is a shortening by any method ; a contraction is a reduction of size by the drawing together of the parts.

For referring specifically to a U. S. national and things, the words used are estadunidense ( also spelled estado-unidense ) ( United States person ), from Estados Unidos da América, and ianque ( Yankee ), but the term most often used is norte-americano, even though it could, as with its Spanish equivalent, in theory apply to Canadians, Mexicans, etc., as well.

Hubris, though not specifically defined, was a legal term and was considered a crime in classical Athens.

In his first term in the state house, Johnson did not ally with either the Democrats or the Whigs consistently, though he revered Jackson, the Democratic President.

The term " fictional autobiography " has been coined to define novels about a fictional character written as though the character were writing their own biography, of which Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders, is an early example.

Later, many AMPS networks were partially converted to D-AMPS, often referred to as TDMA ( though TDMA is a generic term that applies to many cellular systems ).

Significant alcohol intake produces changes in the brain's structure and chemistry, though some alterations occur with minimal use of alcohol over a short term period, such as tolerance and physical dependence.

* In addition, Finnish, a Baltic-Finnic language, has calqued the Swedish term as Itämeri " East Sea ", disregarding the geography ( the sea is west of Finland ), though understandably since Finland was a part of Sweden from the Middle Ages until 1809.

The term " ethnic cleansing " was used as an alternative to " genocide " to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is no difference.

Some etymologists believe it comes from a dialectal pronunciation of the Portuguese " bandore " or from an early anglicisation of the Spanish word " bandurria ", though other research suggests that it may come from a West African term for a bamboo stick formerly used for the instrument's neck.

In the Anglican Communion, the term applies to a bishop who is a full-time assistant to a diocesan bishop: the Bishop of Warwick is suffragan to the Bishop of Coventry ( the diocesan ), though both live in Coventry.

Bean is sometimes used as a synonym of pulse, an edible legume, though the term pulses is usually reserved for leguminous crops harvested for their dry grain.

Individuals who alternate between top / dominant and bottom / submissive roles – whether from relationship to relationship or within a given relationship – are known as switches, though the term is occasionally seen as derogatory or unnuanced and is rejected by many who might simplistically fit the definition.

Many associate the term " born again " with the revelation of a new concept, or an experience of conversion, defined as mental assent to the acceptance of Jesus Christ as one's personal Savior ; though some believe that this experience or mental assent ( See Gnosticism ) is not alone sufficient to merit Christian salvation.

Others, though, have argued that the level of disagreement about the meaning of the word indicates that it either means different things to different people, or else is an umbrella term encompassing a variety of distinct meanings with no simple element in common.

It has recently come to be known as an " extreme sport " by some ( though not commonly considered as such by its practitioners, who may dislike the term for its perceived connotation of disregard for safety ).

The coining of the word cryptozoology is often attributed to Belgian-French zoologist Bernard Heuvelmans, though Heuvelmans attributes coinage of the term to the late Scottish explorer and adventurer Ivan T. Sanderson.

It is widespread practice in the media in the UK ( and elsewhere ) to use the word Europe to mean continental Europe ; that is, " Europe " excludes Britain, Iceland and Ireland ( though the term is sometimes used to refer to the European Union ).

It is similar in thrust to the North American term limousine liberal, though without quite the same taint of great wealth attached to it.

However, this term is used in Australia ( Sydney for example ) to describe the regional trains operating beyond the boundaries of the suburban services, even though some of these " inter-city " services stop all stations similar to German regional services.

: Third, though the term was unknown, pluralism has characterized Jewish life and thought through the ages.

Any large, smoothbore, muzzle-loading gun — used before the advent of breech-loading, rifled guns — may be referred to as a cannon, though once standardized names were assigned to different sized cannons, the term specifically referred to a gun designed to fire a shot, as opposed to a demi-cannon-, culverin-, or demi-culverin-.

However, in the use section of the entry it states that the more common plural is mice, and that the first recorded use of the term in the plural is mice as well ( though it cites a 1984 use of mice when there were actually several earlier ones ).