This was followed independently by Louis Bachelier in 1900 in his PhD thesis " The theory of speculation ", in which he presented a stochastic analysis of the stock and option markets.

In lieu of premising liability on a fiduciary relationship between company insider and purchaser or seller of the company's stock, the misappropriation theory premises liability on a fiduciary-turned-trader's deception of those who entrusted him with access to confidential information.

Behavioral finance theory attributes stock market bubbles to cognitive biases that lead to groupthink and herd behavior.

It can be argued that it is difficult to apply the standard efficient market hypothesis ( efficient market theory ) to understand the stock market bubble that ended in 2000 and collapsed thereafter ; however, advocates of rational expectations say that the problem of ascertaining all the pertinent effects of the stock-market crash is a great challenge.

" He reasoned that, if August Weismann's theory of germ plasm is correct, the nation is wasting money when it tries to improve people who come from poor stock.

Hobson puts no stock in this theory.

-This theory is based on the fact that some of the foundation stock used by Cornelius Van Rooyen during the creation of the breed was Sighthound stock.

But supporters of the theory contend that enough of the foundational stock is ancient, including the Greyhound and the Khoikhoi dog ( from which the ridged back derives ), that even though it was developed relatively recently and for use with modern firearms, the breed can still be considered to be of a " primitive type ".

the earliest date is put around the 14th century where a copperplate inscription of Parakarama Bahu IV ( 1302-1326 ) refers to two persons who were declared exempt from certain taxes which included " gun licenses ". http :// www. island. lk / index. php? page_cat = article-details & page = article-details & code_title = 22207 many also believe that it was the Portuguese who first brought over actual muskets during their invasion of the Sri Lankan Coastline and low lands in 1505 as they regularly used short barrelled matchlocks during combat, however, P. E. P. Deraniyagala points out that the Sinhala term for gun, ‘ bondikula ’ matches the Arabic term for gun, ‘ bunduk .’ Also that certain technical aspects of the early Sinhalese matchlock were similar to the matchlocks used in the Middle East, thus forming the generally accepted theory that the musket was not entirely new to the island by the time the Portuguese came, but it was only in a short matter of time that native Sri Lankan kingdoms, most notably the kingdom of Sitawaka and the Kandyan Kingdom where Sinhalese muskets with a unique bifurcated stock, longer barrel and smaller calibre, which made it more efficient in driving out the energy from the gunpowder, where manufactured by the hundreds and mastered by soldiers to the point where according to the Portuguese invader, Queyroz, they could " fire at night to put out a match " and " by day at 60 paces would sever a knife with four or five bullets " and " send as many on the same spot in the target.

In Thurow's theory, the aim of business is to maintain the capital stock.

In Marx's theory, competition, desire and market fluctuations create the striving and pressure to increase the capital stock ; the whole aim of capitalist production is capital accumulation, i. e. business growth maximising net income.

Dow also developed the Dow theory, which stated that a relationship existed between stock market trends and other business activity.

The Dow theory on stock price movement is a form of technical analysis that includes some aspects of sector rotation.

Wanniski's 1978 book, The Way The World Works, documented his theory that the US Senate's floor votes on the Smoot-Hawley tariff legislation coincided day-to-day with the Wall Street stock market Crash of 1929, and that the Great Depression was the result of the Smoot-Hawley tariff, rather than any failure of classical economics.

The theory does at least give a starting-point to Pathan history & the stock belief in the Bani Israel.

The theory goes that as the percentage rises over 100 % the stock becomes more and more overvalued, and as the PEG ratio falls below 100 % the stock becomes more and more undervalued.

In more general theory, where the capital decision determines the desired level of capital stock ( which includes fixed capital and working capital ), and the investment decision determines the change of capital stock in a sequences of periods, the acceleration effect emerges as only the current period gap affects the current investment, so do the previous gaps.

One theory of the determination of fixed investment focuses on the discrepancy between the current quantity of the fixed capital stock and the optimal or target capital stock.

For example, to the extent prices in the stock market move differently from prices in the bond market, a collection of both types of assets can in theory face lower overall risk than either individually.

* Bachelier's theory of speculation is demonstrated by this 8 ft tall Probability Machine comparing stock market returns to the randomness of the beans dropping through the quincunx pattern.

Another theory is that Kinnars are not the Indo Aryans but the extension of Darads who were spread on the high mountains of western Himalayas, who belong to the Iranic stock.

Say challenged Smith's labour theory of value, believing that prices were determined by utility and also emphasised the critical role of the entrepreneur in the economy.

The theory of supply and demand is an organizing principle for explaining how prices coordinate the amounts produced and consumed.

Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc.

General equilibrium theory has demonstrated, with varying degrees of mathematical rigor over time, that under certain conditions of competition, the law of supply and demand predominates in this ideal free and competitive market, influencing prices toward an equilibrium that balances the demands for the products against the supplies.

Some laissez-faire free-market advocates, like Chicago school economists, often dismiss this endogenous theory, and blame external influences, such as weather, commodity prices, technological developments, and government meddling for non-equilibrium prices.

In consumer theory ' income ' is another name for the " budget constraint ," an amount to be spent on different goods x and y in quantities and at prices and.

As counter-intuitive as this may seem to those accustomed to neoclassical price theory, some empirical evidence suggests labor values are a better predictor of empirically recorded prices than prediction by any other means.

Ricardo's theory was a predecessor of the modern theory that equilibrium prices are determined solely by production costs associated with " neo-Ricardianism ".

For instance, David Ricardo theorized that prices are determined by the amount of labor but found exceptions for which the labor theory could not account.

Neoclassical economics is a term variously used for approaches to economics focusing on the determination of prices, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand, often mediated through a hypothesized maximization of utility by income-constrained individuals and of profits by cost-constrained firms employing available information and factors of production, in accordance with rational choice theory.

Their theory was to imply that stocks were still cheap and it was not too late to benefit from rising prices during the Internet boom.

In classical, neoclassical and Austrian economics, Crusoe is regularly used to illustrate the theory of production and choice in the absence of trade, money and prices.

In theory, the IFB's activity can consist mainly of computers performing the ( agreed upon ) algorithms for adjusting prices and forecasts, with little human involvement.

State interventions in markets ( once created ) must be kept to a bare minimum because, according to the theory, the state cannot possibly possess enough information to second-guess market signals ( prices ) and because powerful interest groups will inevitably distort and bias state interventions ( particularly in democracies ) for their own benefit.

Keynesian theory posits that removing spending from the economy will reduce levels of aggregate demand and contract the economy, thus stabilizing prices.

While the conventional theory of price discrimination generally assumes that prices are set by the seller, there is a variant form in which prices are set by the buyer, such as in the form of pay what you want pricing.

According to neoclassical price-determination theory and game theory, the independence of suppliers forces prices to their minimum, increasing efficiency and decreasing the price determining ability of each individual firm.

Kinked demand potentially fosters supra-competitive prices because any one firm would receive a reduced benefit from cutting price, as opposed to the benefits accruing under neoclassical theory and certain game theoretic models such as Bertrand competition.

That relation between money and prices is historically associated with the quantity theory of money.

The supporters of the theory point to the case of Microsoft, for example, which has been increasing its prices ( or lowering its products ' quality ), predicting that these practices will make increased market shares for Linux and Apple largely inevitable.

In standard monetarist and Keynesian theory, however, there will be a point where increases in asset prices will produce no new supply.