Extracellular signals may include toxins, hormones, growth factors, nitric oxide or cytokines, that must either cross the plasma membrane or transduce to effect a response.

These agents are bacteria, viruses, or toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form.

Cooking beans in a slow cooker, because of the lower temperatures often used, may not destroy toxins even though the beans do not smell or taste ' bad ' ( though this should not be a problem if the food reaches boiling temperature and stays there for some time ).

A number of environmental factors, including toxins, are also under active investigation and these may play a role in disease etiology.

Airborne toxic materials may be gaseous ( for example the chlorine gas used in World War I ) or particulate ( such as many biological agents developed for weapons such as bacteria, viruses and toxins ).

Opal advised him to call Beast and ask him about it, Beast said that it may be the neural inhibitor toxins that Mystique used on him months ago, but only by running tests on Bobby, Beast could have a straight answer.

* Calcium, a common electrolyte, but also needed structurally ( for muscle and digestive system health, bone strength, some forms neutralize acidity, may help clear toxins, provides signaling ions for nerve and membrane functions )

On a broader scale, toxins may be classified as either exotoxins, being excreted by an organism, and endotoxins, that are released mainly when bacteria are lysed ...

The toxins from food chains which may be dangerous to human health include:

Plasmids may carry genes that provide resistance to naturally occurring antibiotics in a competitive environmental niche, or the proteins produced may act as toxins under similar circumstances.

A previously rare strain of C. difficile that produces a more severe disease with increased levels of toxins is becoming epidemic, and may be connected to the use of fluoroquinolones.

Animal biosecurity may protect organisms from infectious agents or noninfectious agents such as toxins or pollutants, and can be executed in areas as large as a nation or as small as a local farm.

While most strains are harmless and normally found in the intestines of mammals, this strain may produce shiga-like toxins and cause severe illness, and is a member of a class of pathogenic E. coli known as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli or EHEC.

Strains of E. coli that express shiga-like toxins gained this ability due to infection with a prophage containing the structural coding for the toxin, and nonproducing strains may become infected and produce shiga-like toxins after incubation with shiga toxin positive strains.

While the neurodegenerative condition Parkinson's disease ( PD ) is the most common cause of parkinsonism, a wide-range of other etiologies may lead to a similar set of symptoms, including some toxins, a few metabolic diseases, and a handful of non-PD neurological conditions.

In parts of Africa, rural areas of the United States, and villages in India, clay consumption is correlated with pregnancy and some women eat clay to eliminate nausea, possibly because the clay coats the gastrointestinal tract and may absorb dangerous toxins.

Factors that might cause the tissue to grow in some women but not in others need to be studied, and some of the possible causes below may provide some explanation, e. g., hereditary factors, toxins, or a compromised immune system.

Thus, before any part of the plant may safely be eaten the toxins must be removed through extended processing.

Sometimes Daphnia may be used in certain environments to test the effects of toxins on an ecosystem, which makes them ' an indicator genus, particularly useful because of its short lifespan and reproductive capabilities.

This disruption may increase the penetration of various substances ( including either toxins or antibiotics ) into the brain.

* The coevolution of certain species of clownfish with specific anemone host species and may have acquired an immunity to the nematocysts and toxins of their host anemone.

Repeated doses of activated carbon may be helpful by absorbing any toxins returned to the gastrointestinal tract following enterohepatic circulation.

Some amphibian toxins can be lethal to humans while others have little effect.

Altogether, over two hundred toxins have been isolated from the limited number of amphibian species that have been investigated.

Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins ( toxoids ) and proteins.

It provides that the Parties undertake not to develop, produce, stockpile, acquire or retain biological agents or toxins, of types and in quantities that have no justification for peaceful purposes, as well as weapons, equipment and means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.

Studies have also found significant levels of toxins in fish and the waters they inhabit within the basin.

More recently, the toad's toxins have been used in a number of new ways: bufotenin has been used in Japan as an aphrodisiac and a hair restorer, and in cardiac surgery in China to lower the heart rates of patients.

Of particular interest have been the genetic mechanisms by which cholera bacteria turn on the protein production of the toxins that interact with host cell mechanisms to pump chloride ions into the small intestine, creating an ionic pressure which prevents sodium ions from entering the cell.

By inserting separate, successive sections of V. cholerae DNA into the DNA of other bacteria, such as E. coli that would not naturally produce the protein toxins, researchers have investigated the mechanisms by which V. cholerae responds to the changing chemical environments of the stomach, mucous layers, and intestinal wall.

Indeed, most of the offensive and defensive toxins that organisms have evolved for shutting down the nervous systems of predators and prey ( e. g., the venoms produced by spiders, scorpions, snakes, fish, bees, sea snails and others ) work by modulating ion channel conductance and / or kinetics.

" and " Since the signing of the Convention, there have been no disputes among the parties regarding the definition of biological agents or toxins ..."

Not all red tides have toxins or are harmful.

Seven types of toxins have been identified and allocated a letter ( A-G ).

Most strains produce one type of neurotoxin but strains producing multiple toxins have been described.

The toxin type has been designated Bf as the type B toxin was found in excess to the type F. Similarly, strains producing Ab and Af toxins have been reported.

Plants contain toxins which protect them from herbivores, but some caterpillars have evolved countermeasures which enable them to eat the leaves of such toxic plants.

Bacterial toxins such as those from Bacillus thuringiensis which are evolved to affect the gut of Lepidoptera have been used in sprays of bacterial spores, toxin extracts and also by incorporating genes to produce them within the host plants.

Butterflies have evolved mechanisms to sequester these plant toxins and use them instead in their own defense.

Smoking has also been shown to be an independent risk factor for developing MS. Association with occupational exposures and toxins — mainly solvents — has been evaluated, but no clear conclusions have been reached.

He and fellow investigators found that the soils macaws choose to consume at the clay licks do not have higher levels of cation exchange capacity ( ability to adsorb toxins ) than that of unused areas of the clay licks and thus the parrots could not be using the clay to neutralize ingested food toxins.

Species of parrot that consume more seeds, which potentially have more toxins, do not use claylicks more than species that eat a greater proportion of flowers or fruit in their diets.