Most of these models which have emerged from the studies of complex systems predict that life arose not from a molecule with any particular trait ( such as self-replicating RNA ) but from an autocatalytic set.

It would be quite wrong to use the word adaptation about a trait which arose as a by-product.

Adaptationism could also be characterized as an approach to studying evolution of form and function that attempts to frame the existence and persistence of traits on the scenario that each of them arose independently due to how that trait improved the reproductive success of the organism's ancestors.

In each case, their sexual orientation was treated as a normal, personal trait, akin to religion, and the only homophobia that arose was from a particular alien race, who often ended up learning a lesson in tolerance.

A number of genetic disorders are caused when an individual inherits two recessive alleles for a single-gene trait.

He found that the number of eminent relatives is greater with closer degree of kinship, indicating to him that a genetic trait is present in an eminent line of descent that is not present in other lines.

However, while sprung rhythm allows for an indeterminate number of syllables to a foot, Hopkins was very careful to keep the number of feet he had per line consistent across each individual work, a trait that free verse does not share.

A number of quantitative genetic studies have been carried out within the trait EI model, which have revealed significant genetic effects and heritabilities for all trait EI scores.

The trait theory was explored at length in a number of works in the 19th century.

One of the more overlooked abilities was the new " without numbers " rule, which allowed for literally an unlimited number of gaunts in a single game, emphasizing the " cannon-fodder " trait of the Tyranids.

The phenomenon is better understood if we assume that the inherited trait ( e. g., height ) is controlled by a large number of recessive genes.

Group nesting is one such trait which reduces the risk of individual predation by increasing the number of alert parents.

Quantitative trait loci approaches require accurate phenotypic, pedigree and genotypic data from a large number of individuals.

Witchcraft is a genetic trait, dormant within a number of individuals within the human population.

So long as the number of generations spent in each haystack is not so long as to dramatically reduce the number of altruists, and so long as the group benefit of the altruistic trait is significant enough, the number of altruists in all the haystack populations can rise.

* Sickle cell trait can precipitate large amounts of red blood cell discharge, but only a small number of individuals endure this problem

If third-borns have a particular trait, it may be due to birth order, or it may be due to family size, or to any number of other variables.

Wherever a trait defined in this dictionary has a MIM number, the number from the 12th edition of MIM, is given in square brackets with or without an asterisk ( asterisks indicate that the mode of inheritance is known ; a number symbol (#) before an entry number means that the phenotype can be caused by mutation in any of two or more genes ) as appropriate e. g., Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease # 312080 is an X-linked recessive disorder.

It is a rare, often hereditary, trait found mostly within a small number of families — most of the common population that " break through " are either relatively weak or lack the education to make full use of their talents.

The factors that govern polymorphism in this trait are not resolved, although a number of theories have been proposed ( Stevens 2005 ).

Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard dominated in practice and the opening stage of the race, but retired with technical problems-the new McLaren MP4 / 14 proved to be very fast but not yet reliable, a trait shared by a number of Adrian Newey designed cars.

Within mammals, habitual bipedalism has evolved multiple times, with the macropods, kangaroo mice, dipodids, springhare, hopping mice, pangolins and homininan apes, as well as various other extinct groups evolving the trait independently.

In prehistoric times, most individuals were not as likely to live past 30, with few reaching their fourth decade, and thus it wasn't likely that this trait was subject to selection.

Several researchers and beekeepers describe a general trait of the African subspecies Apis mellifera scutellata, classified by Lepeletier, 1836-( African honey bee ) Central and West Africa, which is absconding, where the Africanized honeybee colonies abscond the hive in times when food-stores are low, unlike the European colonies which tend to die in the hive.

Whereas uniformity in the spelling of words is one of the features of a standard language in modern times, and official languages usually prescribe standard spelling, minority languages and regional languages often lack this trait.

Likewise the rate at which trait groups can form and dissolve can be many times faster than the rate at which individuals reproduce, providing cumulative as opposed to all-or-nothing benefits.

Unlike other Brown sisters, however, she may only appear to be in these reveries to disguise her intentions, as she is at times very sharp and insightful, a trait very uncommon among true Browns.

The flaw she does admit to having is the typically Japanese trait of valuing personal honour above monetary wealth, which leads her at times to be trusting to the point of blindness.

Niven uses this trait as a plot device several times as characters set up circumstances where Protector characters will react in a specific manner.

Minear compared their trait of accepting responsibility even in the worst times.

At times, he added a lyrical, meditative or autobiographical, perspective to his works: this trait was especially obvious in his later fantasy works ( Kir Ianulea and Calul dracului among them ), all marked by Neoromantic inspiration.

Often short and easy to recite, du ’ as are often a means to ensure one's focus on God at all times, an important trait of fana, or self-annihilation as one loses themselves to God.

This negative trait was often recurrent in his career, as he was shown his marching orders eight times during his career in the league alone.

Far from being a rare trait that evolved a few times and remained stagnant, biomineralization pathways in fact evolved many times and are still evolving rapidly today ; even within a single genus it is possible to detect great variation within a single gene family.

Bednarik often associates music with flowers which decorate the interior where the former is being produced ; at times they are so faintly sketched on the canvas as to be almost invisible ( another symbolist trait ).

This trait has evolved at least 3 times within this genus.

Overall, these two are seen at times in which the Jade Emperor is in need of further information-this is not a prevalent trait of his however.

Information in a computer file can consist of smaller packets of information ( often called " records " or " lines ") that are individually different but share some trait in common.

* Parallelism ( evolution ), the independent emergence of a similar trait in different, but closely related species

It was believed that the cranial bone conformed in order to accommodate the different sizes of these particular areas of the brain in different individuals, so that a person's capacity for a given personality trait could be determined simply by measuring the area of the skull that overlies the corresponding area of the brain.

Nomothetic psychology seeks general laws that can be applied to many different people, such as the principle of self-actualization, or the trait of extraversion.

This is a trait shared with Io, although for very different reasons.

If AA and BB individuals ( homozygotes ) show different forms of the trait ( phenotype ), and AB individuals ( heterozygotes ) show the same phenotype as AA individuals, then allele A is said to dominate or be dominant to or show dominance to allele B, and B is said to be recessive to A.

Considering the criticisms of the trait theory outlined above, several researchers have begun to adopt a different perspective of leader individual differences — the leader attribute pattern approach.

For example, at Temple Chai in Chicago, Illinois, a program known as the " Sunday School for Grown-ups " has focused on the study of a different character trait each week.

Due to such effects, different populations of a species might have different heritabilities for the same trait.

Similarities between pottery among different sites is a trait commonly looked for by archaeologists.

* Graphic Rating Scale: graphic rating scales ( see scale ( social sciences )) are the most commonly used system in PA. On several different factors, subordinates are judged on ' how much ' of that factor or trait they possess.

Researchers have been attempting to discover why these two different species share this trait, despite not sharing a habitat.

Uniqueness means the trait should be sufficiently different for individuals in the relevant population such that they can be distinguished from one another.

Fox is known for being professional, cocky, and shy, expressing each trait in different circumstances.

If a different model is specified for each administration in order to achieve data-model fit, then a different latent trait is being measured and test scores cannot be argued to be comparable between administrations.

Each special creative trait a person obtained was seen as a different way to please higher spirits.

It has hundreds of words describing different kinds of rock, but not a single word that simply means " rock " ( a trait apparently shared with Trolls ), much like the Inuit language supposedly has many words for different kinds of snow ( in fact a fallacy, see here ).

The first explanation is that there might be a genetic variation of the trait of interest under different geographical areas due to a founder effect and / or a genetic drift.

To Hale, the fact that heteroglossia is a social construction offers hope for equality to African-Americans because it implies that they are different and inequal only because society makes them so, rather than because of any inherent trait.

In the case of LWS, a single copy of the EDNRB mutation, the heterozygous state, produces an identifiable trait, but with a very different outcome from the homozygous state.