The most common secondary transducers in modern vacuum gauges measure a change in capacitance due to the mechanical deflection.

To calculate the kinetics, most labs have floor-mounted load transducers, also known as force platforms, which measure the ground reaction forces and moments, including the magnitude, direction and location ( called the center of pressure ).

Many types of input transducers can be found in a sound reinforcement system, with microphones being the most commonly used input device.

To date, the smaller size and lower peak pressures generated by these shock tubes make them most useful for preliminary, nondestructive testing of materials, validation of measurement equipment such as high speed pressure transducers, and for biomedical research as well as military applications.

Since the microphones used in most telephones are designed to modulate a supplied electrical current they cannot be used in sound-powered transducers.

Still other methods in phonology ( e. g. Optimality Theory, which uses lattice graphs ) and morphology ( e. g. finite-state morphology, using finite-state transducers ) are common in the analysis of language as a graph.

Electroacoustic transducers include loudspeakers, microphones, hydrophones and sonar projectors.

For example, magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers are usually described as actuators and transducers, respectively, instead of motors.

In past decades, ESS of California produced a series of hybrid loudspeakers using such tweeters, along with conventional woofers, referring to them as Heil transducers after their inventor, Oskar Heil.

Infrasound can also be generated by human-made processes such as sonic booms and explosions ( both chemical and nuclear ), by machinery such as diesel engines and older designs of down tower wind turbines and by specially designed mechanical transducers ( industrial vibration tables ) and large-scale subwoofer loudspeakers such as rotary woofers.

By comparison, Frequency range is a term sometimes used of loudspeakers and other transducers to indicate the frequencies that are usable, without normally specifying a decibel range.

A typical sound reinforcement system consists of ; input transducers ( e. g., microphones ), which convert sound energy into an electric signal, signal processors which alter the signal characteristics, amplifiers, which add power to the signal without otherwise changing its content, and output transducers ( e. g., loudspeakers ), which convert the signal back into sound energy.

In addition to the normal data gathering methods ( e. g., balance system, pressure measuring transducers, and temperature sensing thermocouples ), state-of-the-art, non-intrusive instrumentation ( e. g., laser velocimeters and shadowgraphs ) are available to help determine flow direction and velocity in and around the lifting surfaces of models or aircraft undergoing investigation.

In addition to the normal data gathering methods ( e. g., balance system, pressure measuring transducers, and temperature sensing thermocouples ), state-of-the-art non-intrusive instrumentation ( e. g., laser velocimeters and shadowgraphs ) are available to help determine flow direction and velocity in and around the lifting surfaces of models or aircraft undergoing investigation.

) that transforms the signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the biological element into another signal ( i. e., transducers ) that can be more easily measured and quantified ;

It sees application in magnetomechanical sensors, actuators, and acoustic and ultrasonic transducers, e. g. in the SoundBug device ( its first commercial application by FeONIC ).

* And fieldbus devices, ( e. g. transmitters, transducers, etc.

By a process of phase delaying the signals from these transducers a series of " acoustic beams " ( i. e. a variation of acoustic signal sensitivity dependent on the incident angle of the noise energy ).

Sonar can be used to measure the thickness of the heart by placing small crystal transducers at opposite sides of the heart or blood vessel and exciting one with some pulsed ultrasonic energy.

In medicine the frequencies are much higher, transducers and the sonar beams themselves are much smaller, and different scanning techniques may be used, but the principles involved are the same as in sonar.

New kinds of transducers ( generators and receivers of acoustic energy ) were invented and put to use.

The ultrasonic systems used in medical ultrasonography employ piezoelectric transducers.

They measure wind speed based on the time of flight of sonic pulses between pairs of transducers.

Measurements from pairs of transducers can be combined to yield a measurement of velocity in 1 -, 2 -, or 3-dimensional flow.

The spatial resolution is given by the path length between transducers, which is typically 10 to 20 cm.

Their main disadvantage is the distortion of the flow itself by the structure supporting the transducers, which requires a correction based upon wind tunnel measurements to minimize the effect.

Terfenol-D has the highest room-temperature magnetostriction of any known material ; this property is employed in transducers, wide-band mechanical resonators, and high-precision liquid fuel injectors.

The first electric guitars used in jazz were hollow archtop acoustic guitar bodies with electromagnetic transducers.

Cyclic processes that are not electrical in nature, such as the rotation rate of a shaft, mechanical vibrations, or sound waves, can be converted to a repetitive electronic signal by transducers and the signal applied to a frequency counter.

Some electric guitar and electric bass guitar models feature piezoelectric pickups, which function as transducers to provide a sound closer to that of an acoustic guitar with the flip of a switch or knob, rather than switching guitars.

In electric guitars, transducers known as pickups convert string vibration to an electric signal, which in turn is amplified and fed to speakers, which vibrate the air to produce the sounds we hear.

Pickups are transducers attached to a guitar that detect ( or " pick up ") string vibrations and convert the mechanical energy of the string into electrical energy.

They generally use individual piezo-electric transducers one per string often in combination with small internal microphones to produce a direct output mixed electrical signal.

Another technology used in joystick design is the use of strain gauges to build force transducers from which the output is proportional to the force applied rather than physical deflection.

The three different types of transducers are subwoofers, compression drivers, and tweeters.

Lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for hydrophones ( acousto-electric transducers for in-water use ), while Terfenol-D and PMN ( lead magnesium niobate ) have been developed for projectors.

* foma ( software ), an open-source compiler, programming language, and C library for constructing finite-state automata and transducers compatible with Xerox lexc and twolc

Equalization was also applied to correct the response of the transducers, for example, a particular microphone might be more sensitive to low frequency sounds than to high frequency sounds, so an equalizer would be used to increase the volume of the higher frequencies ( boost ), and reduce the volume of the low frequency sounds ( cut ).

These devices include sophisticated transducers, diagnostics ( position monitors and wire scanners ), lenses, collimators, thermocouples, ion pumps, ion gauges, ion chambers ( sometimes called " beam loss monitors "), vacuum valves (" isolation valves "), and gate valves, to mention a few.

Static posturography is carried out by placing the patient in a standing posture on a fixed instrumented platform ( forceplate ) connected to sensitive detectors ( force and movement transducers ), which are able to detect the tiny oscillations of the body.

The two stereophonic recording methods, using two channels and coincident microphone techniques ( X-Y with bidirectional transducers / Blumlein setup + M / S stereophony ), were developed by Blumlein at EMI in 1931 and patented in 1933.

Ferroelectric polymers, such as polyvinylidene fluoride ( PVDF ), are used in acoustic transducers and electromechanical actuators because of their inherent piezoelectric response, and as heat sensors because of their inherent pyroelectric response.

For example, with a hard and rigid rotor-spindle coated with a thin layer of a softer material ( like a polyurethane rubber ), a series of angled piezoelectric transducers can be arranged.

All Grado headphones operate using Grado's vented diaphragm technology, dynamic transducers, open-air, " circled " 40mm driver-oriented supra-aural earcups, and Grado's GS and PS which deploys a larger earcup ), an Impedance of 32 ohms, and a Sensitivity level of 98 dB.

A tree often provides numerous additional functions including chemical injection points, well intervention means, pressure relief means, monitoring points ( such as pressure, temperature, corrosion, erosion, sand detection, flow rate, flow composition, valve and choke position feedback ), and connection points for devices such as down hole pressure and temperature transducers ( DHPT ).

Orthomode transducers are used in dual-polarised Very small aperture terminals ( VSATs ), in sparsely populated areas, radar antennas, radiometers, and communications links.

Due to inadequacies of commercial power amplifiers which frequently damaged their reference sound transducers, they decided to design and build a power amplifier without shortcomings which affected their business: suppress full DC output voltage ( which damages the transducers ), output safeguards, efficient cooling, increased output power, and full control of speaker diaphragms.