The tribunal itself, or the judge, can in some systems call upon experts to technically evaluate a certain fact or action, in order to provide the court with a complete knowledge on the fact / action it is judging.

The tribunal itself is in Arusha, Tanzania.

The issue must be presented to an international tribunal or arbiter ( usually specified in the treaty itself ) to legally establish that a sufficiently serious breach has in fact occurred.

Ipso facto is a Latin phrase, directly translated as " by the fact itself ," which means that a certain phenomenon is a direct consequence, a resultant effect, of the action in question, instead of being brought about by a subsequent action such as the verdict of a tribunal.

* Appellate tribunal for the diocese: cases against the diocese itself or an institution represented by the diocesan bishop

The tribunal is the school meeting which concerns itself with people who break the school rules.

The child would be tortured by Jews, and a crowd would gather at the place of execution ( in some accounts the synagogue itself ) and engage in a mock tribunal to try the child.

The first cabinet formed under the regime of the Revolutionary Committee ( which had established itself as the real master of Greece with King George II merely as a figurehead ) underwent several slight changes, the chief of which was caused by the refusal of Zaimis to retain the premiership ( which remained vacant, with Sotirios Krokidas as acting premier ), and after having been in power for less than two months resigned on November 24, chiefly owing to internal differences arising from the trial of the ex-ministers, statesmen, and military leaders by a revolutionary tribunal on the charges of high treason.

Representatives of 18 countries participated in the two sessions of this tribunal, formally calling itself the International War Crimes Tribunal.

Rex Murphy also criticized the OHRC, writing questioned " Did no one at this " human rights " tribunal look at the penalty of the ill-decided case and see that the consequences flowing from the penalty was itself the real violation of human rights?

Because a tribunal is not bound by legal precedent, established by itself or by a reviewing court, a tribunal is not a court even though it performs an important adjudicative function and contributes to the development of law like a court would do.

A missing, inadequate or untrue statement is itself grounds for a complaint to tribunal.

The higher reason only has unconditional authority, and the Bible must justify itself before its tribunal ; we find the history of divine revelation and its fulfilment in the Bible alone, and reason bids us regard the Bible as the only authority and canon in matters of religious belief.

" Before the deterioration of the state of security in Blida ( daily bombings, attacks on barracks ), my service had received the order 1993, directly from General Lamari Smain of counter-espionage in the DRS, itself directed by General Mohamed Médiène, to limit translations before a tribunal, this means starting to execute arrested people in order to diminish the GIA's recruiting and scare the civilian population ..."

The petition must use pseudonyms when explaining the situation to avoid revealing the identity of the persons involved, and the tribunal itself acts in complete secrecy.

W. V. Quine describes naturalism as the position that there is no higher tribunal for truth than natural science itself.

The tribunal of Zaragoza distinguished itself for its severity in judging these offences: between 1571 and 1579 more than 100 men accused of sodomy were processed and at least 36 were executed ; in total, between 1570 and 1630 there were 534 trials and 102 executions.

The permanent council established at the instance of the Russian government ( 1773 – 1788 ) served as the highest administrative tribunal, and occupied itself with the elaboration of a plan that would make practicable the reorganization of Poland on a more rational basis.

Justice Robert H. Jackson speaking as a chief prosecutor in the Nuremberg Trials famously stated that an international tribunal could punish acts by captured Nazi officials which may have been perfectly legal in Fascist Germany ( indeed one charge was they distorted the law itself into an instrument of oppression ), but went well beyond " what is tolerable by modern civilization.

This venture was abandoned in 2009 when Majorette found itself insolvent again, and through a tribunal at the commercial court of Paris, a sale was granted to Simba-Dickie, who bought Smoby.

In some states, after a further set period or at the request of the person or their representative, a tribunal hearing is held to determine whether the person should continue to be detained.

Then, choice of law clauses may specify which laws the court or tribunal should apply to each aspect of the dispute.

For the most part, Sherman refused to revise his original text on the ground that " I disclaim the character of historian, but assume to be a witness on the stand before the great tribunal of history " and " any witness who may disagree with me should publish his own version of facts in the truthful narration of which he is interested.

This act had the approval of the synod which met at Trier in the same year, but Ambrose of Milan, Pope Siricius and Martin of Tours protested against Priscillian's execution, largely on the jurisdictional grounds that an ecclesiastical case should not be decided by a civil tribunal, and worked to reduce the persecution.

Determining whether a captive should be classified as a prisoner of war is the sole purpose of a competent tribunal.

In every judicial department, well arranged and well organized, there should be a regular, progressive, gradation of jurisdiction ; and one supreme tribunal should superintend and govern all the others.

It also specifies that when there is any doubt whether a combatant belongs to the categories in article 4, they should be treated as such until their status has been determined by a competent tribunal.

Admiral Golovin later faced an military tribunal for his refusal to engage the Swedish squadron of equal strength but was cleared when he pleaded to an edict from Peter the Great which stated that Russian fleet should not engage in battle unless having 3: 2 superiority or better.

In some cases, there may be some confusion as to whether a case should be heard before an administrative law court or judicial court, in which case the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes, or tribunal des conflits, sat by an even number of State councillors and Supreme Court justices and chaired by the Minister of Justice, is convened to decide to whom the matter shall be vested.

At the time, Vice President Dick Cheney and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld felt that the men should be declared enemy combatants and could have been tried by a military tribunal.

Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Debitum Pastoralis in 1520 giving extraordinary powers to Philip of Burgundy, 57th Bishop of Utrecht, essentially removing the ability of any external authority to " in the first instance, have his cause evoked to any external tribunal, not even under pretense of any apostolic letters whatever ; and that all such proceedings should be, ipso facto, null and void ".

In October 1948, Warlimont was tried as a war criminal before a United States military tribunal in the High Command Trial because he passed on Hitler's directive that Allied commandos should be executed instead of being held as prisoners-of-war.

" At the same time, it reasserted the power of judicial review established in Marbury v. Madison, declaring that it had the power to strike down laws that departed from those powers: " Should Congress, in the execution of its powers, adopt measures which are prohibited by the Constitution, or should Congress, under the pretext of executing its powers, pass laws for the accomplishment of objects not intrusted to the Government, it would become the painful duty of this tribunal, should a case requiring such a decision come before it, to say that such an act was not the law of the land.

They were so destitute that a public tribunal had decided they should be sold into slavery in order to pay their ship charges.

Part of the treaty laid out that if the archbishop laid an interdict or excommunicated anyone in the lands of King Philip or any subject of King Richard in the archdiocese of Rouen, then the archiepiscopal manor of Andali should be forfeit to either king until after a special tribunal had determined if the archbishop's punishment was valid.

The tribunal recognized this defense only for some of the lower-ranked defendants, but concluded that in particular the highest-ranking officers, List and Kuntze, should have been well aware of the fact that these orders violated international law and thus should have opposed the execution of these orders, even more so as they were in a position that would have allowed them to do so.

When Fine Gael's tribunal expert, Senator Eugene Regan dissented, Mansergh became quite agitated, questioning why Regan wanted to question Ahern's finances declaring to Regan that: You should have respect for your betters!

Philip Sapsford, QC, defending, told the court martial: " The flight lieutenant is entitled to advance before this tribunal that the use of force in Iraq was unlawful in international law ," essentially reasoning that Kendall-Smith should be allowed to argue that any participation in the war effort was therefore unlawful.

The members of the tribunal only give advice regarding the petition -- the Major Penitentiary has the ultimate decision on whether the dispensation or absolution should be granted.

The news of the failure of the French arms in Belgium gave rise in Paris to popular movements on March 9 and 10, 1793, and on March 10, on the proposal of Danton, the Convention decreed that there should be established in Paris an extraordinary criminal tribunal, which received the official name of the Revolutionary Tribunal by a decree of October 20, 1793.

The final boundary was set in 1425 by an arbitration tribunal and Lucerne had to give the three Ämter to be collectively ruled.

Sir Edward Grey replied through the American ambassador that the incident could be grouped together with the Germans ' sinking of the SS Arabic, their attack on a stranded British submarine on the neutral Dutch coast, and their attack on the steamship Ruel, and suggested that they be placed before a tribunal composed of US Navy officers.

# Direct contempt is that which occurs in the presence of the presiding judge ( in facie curiae ) and may be dealt with summarily: the judge notifies the offending party that he or she has acted in a manner which disrupts the tribunal and prejudices the administration of justice.

On July 3, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah rejected the indictment and denounced the tribunal as a plot against the party, vowing that the named persons would not be arrested under any circumstances.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 808 of February 22, 1993 decided that " an international tribunal shall be established for the prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991 " and calling on the Secretary-General to " submit for consideration by the Council … a report on all aspects of this matter, including specific proposals and where appropriate options … taking into account suggestions put forward in this regard by Member States ".

Stalin issued Order No. 227, directing that commanders permitting retreat without permission to be subject to a military tribunal, and soldiers guilty of disciplinary procedures to be forced into " penal battalions ", which were sent to the most dangerous sections of the front lines.

This greatly promoted the independence of the See of Utrecht, so that no clergy or laity from Utrecht would ever be tried by a Roman tribunal.

" In the tribunal of Heaven and the tribunal of earth, by the permission of God — praised be He — and by the permission of this holy congregation, we hold it lawful to pray with transgressors.

* February 22 – UN Security Council Resolution 808 is voted on, deciding that " an international tribunal shall be established " to prosecute violations of international law in Yugoslavia.

In Australia they are also called Community Treatment Orders and last for a maximum of twelve months but can be renewed after review by a tribunal.

No better tribunal is to be found among gods and men.

For example the Roman tribunal is a densely populated area with a shortage of magical resources but offers high political plots while Novgorod is a hostile environment where barbarian invaders and magical beasts can be a recurrent problem.

Captured enemy combatants in an international armed conflict automatically have the protection of GCIII and are POWs under GCIII unless they are determined by a competent tribunal to not be a POW ( GCIII Article 5 ).

If there is a question of whether a person is a lawful combatant, he ( or she ) must be treated as a POW " until their status has been determined by a competent tribunal " ( GCIII Article 5 ).

In law a witness might be compelled to provide testimony in court, before a grand jury, before an administrative tribunal, before a deposition officer, or in a variety of other proceedings ( e. g., judgment debtor examination ).

Candidates for the Forbes list were fugitives thought to be dangerous who had " a long history of committing serious crimes ", who had been indicted or charged with a crime in a national jurisdiction or by an international tribunal, and who were involved with a type of criminal activity " with which legal institutions in diverse jurisdictions are grappling ".

The task for the tribunal then when faced with serious allegations is to recognise that their seriousness generally means they are inherently unlikely, such that to be satisfied that a fact is more likely than not the evidence must be of a good quality.

UN General Assembly Resolution n. 260 9 December 1948, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, was the first step towards the establishment of an international permanent criminal tribunal with jurisdiction on crimes yet to be defined in international treaties.