Other causes include the use of drugs ( such as amphetamines, caffeine, corticosteroids, SSRI ), alcohol abuse or withdrawal, mercury poisoning ; this is also in infants with phenylketonuria ( PKU ), overactive thyroid or liver failure.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) antidepressants might be indicated for use in men with small penis syndrome.

" The study goes on to state that there is extensive clinical evidence correlating akathisia with SSRI use, showing that approximately ten times as many patients on SSRIs as those on placebos showed symptoms severe enough to drop out of a trial ( 5. 0 % compared to 0. 5 %).

* Use ( or previous use ) of SSRI antidepressants

Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction ( PSSD ) is a name given to a reported iatrogenic sexual dysfunction caused by the previous use of SSRI antidepressants.

Consequently, the primary use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) group, which is a form of antidepressant, has been used in kleptomania and other impulse control disorders such as binge eating and OCD.

The development of a potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome ( also more recently classified as " serotonin toxicity ") may occur with venlafaxine treatment, particularly with concomitant use of serotonergic drugs, including but not limited to SSRI and SNRIs, many hallucinogens such as tryptamines and phenethylamines ( LSD / LSA, DMT, MDMA, MDPV, mescaline for example ), dextromethorphan ( DXM )/ dextrorphan ( DXO ), tramadol, tapentadol, meperidine / pethidine and triptans and with drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin ( including MAOIs ).

* Suicide, increased tendency associated to the use of fluoxetine and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) antidepressants

In 2005, the FDA began requiring black box warnings on SSRIs, warning of an association between SSRI use and suicidal behavior in children, and later extended it to young adults.

SSRI drugs, which have an important use as antidepressants, are considered to cause physical dependence, although it is considered mild compared to drugs like opioids and GABA modulators, but they engender a discontinuation syndrome, which was originally called " SSRI withdrawal " until a 1997 symposium sponsored by Pfizer and Eli Lilly ( the producers of several anti-depressants including Prozac and Effexor ) was held, with the drug representative attendees concluding that " discontinuation syndrome " sounded less threatening than " withdrawal "; however, " SSRI discontinuation syndrome " is a withdrawal syndrome upon discontinuation of SSRI / SNRI drugs, just as " heroin discontinuation syndrome " is a synonym for " heroin withdrawal ".

According to one source, post-SSRI sexual dysfunction ( PSSD ) is an iatrogenic type of sexual dysfunction caused directly by the previous use of SSRI antidepressants.

Although most SSRIs are widely used and generally considered safe, an abrupt cessation, or rapid tapering of SSRI use may result in a discontinuation syndrome that can mimic serious illness and can be very distressing and intensely uncomfortable.

These criteria are 2 or more of the following symptoms developing within 1 to 7 days of discontinuation or reduction in dosage of an SSRI after at least 1 month's use, when these symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment and are not due to a general medical condition or recurrence of a mental disorder: dizziness, light-headedness, vertigo or feeling faint ; shock-like sensations or paresthesia ; anxiety ; diarrhea ; fatigue ; gait instability ; headache ; insomnia ; irritability ; nausea or emesis ; tremor ; and visual disturbances.

According to the consensus definition by the American Academy of Pain Medicine, withdrawal is a symptom of " Physical Dependence ", not of " Addiction " and thus arguments against SSRIs being " addictive " do not clearly make the use of the term " withdrawal " inappropriate to the symptoms caused by ceasing an SSRI.

" These responses could constitute physical dependence on the drug, but SSRI users do not experience the craving, impulsive use, or long-term relapse risk seen in drug addiction.

Many doctors advise patients who are suffering from SSRI discontinuation syndrome to use fluoxetine as a substitute for their current drug .< ref > Substituting fluoxetine in the final stages of SSRI discontinuation, or post discontinuation, provides a rate of reduction of antidepressant which can minimize or eradicate withdrawal symptoms in the patient.

Investigators found that by November 2003, a total of 93 cases of SSRI use associated with either neonatal convulsions or withdrawal syndrome had been reported.

Other medications that are not usually called antidepressants, including antipsychotics in low doses and benzodiazepines, may be used to manage depression, although the use of benzodiazepines can cause a physical dependence.

The discovery of chlorpromazine's psychoactive effects in 1952 led to greatly reduced use of restraint, seclusion, and sedation in the management of agitated patients, and also led to further research that resulted in the development of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and the majority of other drugs now used in the management of psychiatric conditions.

Despite the name, the off-label use of " antipsychotics " is said to involve deploying them as antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, mood stabilizers, cognitive enhancers, anti-aggressive, anti-impulsive, anti-suicidal and hypnotic ( sleep ) medications.

Nevertheless, benzodiazepines continue to be prescribed for the long-term treatment of anxiety disorders, although specific antidepressants and psychological therapies are recommended as the first-line treatment options with the anticonvulsant drug pregabalin indicated as a second-or third-line treatment and suitable for long-term use.

The QFracture score was developed in 2009 and is based on age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol use, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, asthma, use of tricyclic antidepressants or corticosteroids, liver disease, and a history of falls in men.

People in this field ( called behavioral pharmacologists ) typically use small animals ( e. g. rodents ) to study psychotherapeutic drugs such as antipsychotics, antidepressants and anxiolytics, and drugs of abuse such as nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, etc.

In recent times, the TCAs have been largely replaced in clinical use in most parts of the world by newer antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs ), which typically have more favorable side-effects profiles, though they are still sometimes prescribed for certain indications.

In the last decade the use of antidepressants by clergy has risen.

As with benzodiazepines, the use of antidepressants in the treatment of insomnia can lead to withdrawal effects ; withdrawal may induce rebound insomnia.

Physicians use a variety of drugs to treat CRPS, including antidepressants, anti-inflammatories such as corticosteroids and COX-inhibitors such as piroxicam, bisphosphonates, vasodilators, GABA analogs such gabapentin and pregabalin, and alpha-or beta-adrenergic-blocking compounds, and the entire pharmacy of opioids.

Similarly to other antidepressants, the use of sertraline for depression may be associated with a higher rate of suicidal behavior.

Though most antidepressants selectively inhibit REM sleep due to their action on monoamines, this effect decreases after long-term use.

No clear efficacy evidence exists to support the use of alternative psychotropic classes ( e. g. antidepressants, anticonvulsants )

Psychiatrists have used topiramate to treat bipolar disorder, and they sometimes use topiramate to augment psychotropics, or to counteract the weight gain associated with numerous antidepressants.

* Low doses of some antidepressants such as amitriptyline are thought to be effective in treating neuropathic pain, but a tremendous amount of controversy exists on this topic, and their use is often limited to treating the depression that is associated with chronic pain, rather than the actual sensation of pain from the trigeminal nerve.

The use of antidepressants is preliminary but does not yet show conclusive evidence.

In other situations where the cause is unknown or less easily treatable, the symptoms can sometimes be reduced by the use of antidepressants, antiandrogenic agents, and anaesthetising gels.

Sudden cessation of the use of an antidepressant can deepen the feel of depression significantly ( see " Rebound " below ), and some specific antidepressants can cause a unique set of other symptoms as well when stopped abruptly.

Some antidepressants also show usefulness in moderating drug use, particularly to nicotine, and it has become common for researchers to re-examine already approved drugs for new uses in drug rehabilitation.

In May 1985, FDA ’ s ( then ) chief safety investigator, Dr. Richard Kapit, wrote: “ Unlike traditional tricyclic antidepressants fluoxetine ’ s profile of adverse side effects more closely resembles that of a stimulant drug than one that causes sedation .” He warned “ It is fluoxetine ’ s particular profile of adverse side-effects which may perhaps, in the future give rise to the greatest clinical liabilities in the use of this medication to treat depression .”

The code, which had probably something to do with sex or some other interest, Nicolas was determined to find out and put to use.

As she was rather tired this evening, her simple `` Thank you for the use of your bath '' -- when she sat down opposite him -- spoken in a low voice, came across with coolnesses of intelligence and control.

He went on to use objects -- hoops, poles, capes -- which he employed as extensions of the body of the dancer, who moved with them.

We use terms from our personal experience with individuals such as `` trust '', `` cheat '', and `` get tough ''.

New Nations, and others struggling with the problems of development, will progress only -- regardless of any outside help -- if they demonstrate faith in their own destiny and use their own resources to fulfill it.

I use this term to mean three things: a search for the human significance of an event or state of affairs, a tendency to look at wholes rather than parts, and a tendency to respond to these events and wholes with feeling.

Our students want occupations that permit them to use their talents and training, to be creative and original, to work with and to help other people.

His later boastings of his skill with the small sword are indicative of much time and practice devoted to the use of that weapon.

The narrator is an Alsatian serving with the French Army, and he has the same name ( Berger ) that Malraux himself was later to use in the Resistance ; ;

The other children in the class use this same coloring book and do a fairly good job with things their proper color.

The weekly loss is partly counterbalanced by 500 arrivals each week from West Germany, but the hard truth, says Crossman, is that `` The closing off of East Berlin without interference from the West and with the use only of East German, as distinct from Russian, troops was a major Communist victory, which dealt West Berlin a deadly, possibly a fatal, blow.

One effect of the spirited give-and-take of these discussions was to focus attention on practical applications and the necessity of being armed with the facts: knowledge of the destructive force of even the tiniest `` tactical '' atomic weapon would have a bearing on judgments as to the advisability of its use -- to defend Berlin, for example ; ;

The United States can use its aid as an incentive to self-help by responding with aid on a sustained basis, tailored to priority needs, to those countries making serious efforts in self-help.

A survey of practices and/or policies in other states concerning assignment and use of state automobiles reveals several points for comparison with Rhode Island's practices.

Rhode Island's reimburseable rate of $.07 per mile for use of personally-owned cars compares favorably with other states' rates.

and ( C ) to finance, for not more than three years beyond the end of said period, such activities as are required to correlate, coordinate, and round out the results of studies and research undertaken pursuant to this Act: Provided, That funds available in any one year for research and development may, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State to assure that such activities are consistent with the foreign policy objectives of the United States, be expended in cooperation with public or private agencies in foreign countries in the development of processes useful to the program in the United States: And provided further, That every such contract or agreement made with any public or private agency in a foreign country shall contain provisions effective to insure that the results or information developed in connection therewith shall be available without cost to the United States for the use of the United States throughout the world and for the use of the general public within the United States.

The use of 100 instead of 140 substance paper plus the adoption of side stapling beginning with the May 1960 issue reduced costs sufficiently to allow completion of the fiscal year with nearly $4,000 in unexpended funds.

Steps should also be taken to link the Food for Peace Program with the Peace Corps, so that foreign currencies accumulated by the sale of U.S. surplus food under P.L. 480 can be put to use to pay some of the host country expenses of Peace Corps personnel.

Inventory and evaluate wildlife habitat resources in cooperation with other Federal agencies and with the States in which National Forests and Grasslands are located, as a basis for orderly development of wildlife habitat improvement and coordination programs, including ( A ) big-game, gamebird, and small-game habitat surveys and investigations on the 186 million acres of National Forests and Grasslands, ( B ) fishery habitat surveys and investigations on the 81,000 miles of National Forest fishing streams and nearly 3 million acres of lakes and impoundments, and ( C ) participation in planning, inspection, and control phases of all habitat improvement, land and water use projects conducted on National Forest lands by States, other Federal agencies, and private groups to assure that projects will benefit wildlife and be in harmony with other resource values.