Perhaps most importantly, he formulated the terminology still in use for various complex chess strategies.

Most games use a standardized and unchanging board ( chess, Go, and backgammon each have such a board ), but many games use a modular board whose component tiles or cards can assume varying layouts from one session to another, or even while the game is played.

This is most often used in wargaming, though many abstract strategy games such as Abalone, Agon, hexagonal chess, and connection games use hexagonal layouts.

The first known use of the term grandmaster in connection with chess was in an 1838 issue of Bell's Life, in which a correspondent referred to William Lewis as " our past grandmaster ".

As Alfonso elucidates in the opening section of the Libro de Juegos, the Libro de ajedrex ( Book of chess ) demonstrates the value of the intellect, the Libro de los dados ( Book of dice ) illustrates that chance has supremacy over pure intellect, and the Libro de las tablas ( Book of tables ) celebrates a conjoined use of both intellect and chance.

An alternative recording method not requiring a grid is also in use, where positions on a board are labeled left to right by letters a through h and top to bottom ( far-to-near ) by digits 1 through 8 ( Note that this is the opposite of the chess standard, with numerals running upward away from the side ( White ) that has a through h left to right, and also that the perspective may be that of either player ( with no fixed standard )), so that the very first move of a game may be ( based upon standard starting set-up ) d3, c4, f5 or e6.

Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict “ history ” — i. e., the course of any given game.

In English-speaking countries, AN replaced the parallel method of descriptive chess notation, which became common in the 19th century and continued with sporadic use as recently as the 1980s or 1990s.

Some computer programs ( and people ) use a variant of algebraic chess notation termed long algebraic notation or fully expanded algebraic notation.

In international correspondence chess the use of algebraic notation may cause confusion, since different languages employ different names ( and therefore different letters ) for the pieces ; hence the standard for transmitting moves in this form of chess is ICCF numeric notation.

* The Thief Who Came to Dinner, 1973 by Terrence Lore Smith and Walter Hill — Ryan O ' Neal plays a bored Control Data employee who decides to retire and turn to a life of crime, but breaks back in to use the computers to help him in a game of chess with the detective who is on his trail.

X-FEN is upwardly compatible with FEN, that is, a program supporting X-FEN will automatically use the normal FEN codes for a traditional chess starting position without requiring any special programming.

The solution implemented by chess engines like Shredder and Fritz is to use the letters of the columns on which the rooks began the game.

Implementers also need to decide if they will use endgame databases or other optimizations, and often implement common de facto chess standards.

Many chess engines use pondering to increase their strength.

Of course, faster hardware and additional processors can improve chess-playing program abilities, and some systems ( such as Deep Blue ) use specialized chess hardware instead of only software.

* 1958, NSS becomes the first chess program to use the alpha-beta search algorithm.

Therefore, the USCF and some chess sites use a formula based on the logistic distribution.

Often used by chess teachers to demonstrate how to use time, develop pieces and generate threats.

Three-dimensional chess ( or 3D chess ) refers to any of various chess variants that use multiple boards at different levels, allowing the chess pieces to move in three physical dimensions.

And by a skillful and unobtrusive use of imagery ( the enclosure is called a `` Roman-camp stockade '', the hastily erected lean-to is a `` Babylonian hovel '', the men begin to look like `` Peruvian mummies '' and to acquire `` Gothic faces '' ), Malraux projects a fresco of human endurance -- which is also the endurance of the human -- stretching backward into the dark abyss of time.

When the Roman Empire turned Christian during the following century, this imagery came to be used in a more metaphysical sense, and removed legal impediments to the development and public use of the Anno Domini dating system, which came into general use during the reign of Charlemagne.

Not only was Bathory's music dark, fast, heavily distorted, lo-fi and with anti-Christian lyrics and imagery, Quorthon was also the first to use the " shrieked " vocals that came to define black metal.

Another early step in the history of computer animation was the 1973 movie Westworld, a science-fiction film about a society in which robots live and work among humans, though the first use of 3D Wireframe imagery was in its sequel, Futureworld ( 1976 ), which featured a computer-generated hand and face created by then University of Utah graduate students Edwin Catmull and Fred Parke.

Two of Macdonald's strengths were his use of psychology and his beautiful prose, which was full of imagery.

In South America there are a number of indigenous traditions and more recent religious movements based on the use of ayahuasca, usually in an animistic context that may be mixed with Christian imagery.

Noted for his original, rhythmic and ingenious use of words and imagery, Thomas ' position as one of the great modern poets has been much discussed, though this has not tarnished his popularity amongst the general public, who found his work accessible.

Peter Greenaway was an early pioneer of the use of computer generated imagery blended with filmed footage and was also one of the first directors to film entirely on high definition video for a cinema release.

Anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers, for example, did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.

His experimental explorations in prosody ( especially sprung rhythm ) and his use of imagery established him as a daring innovator in a period of largely traditional verse.

Contemporary hypnotism makes use of a wide variety of different forms of suggestion including: direct verbal suggestions, " indirect " verbal suggestions such as requests or insinuations, metaphors and other rhetorical figures of speech, and non-verbal suggestion in the form of mental imagery, voice tonality, and physical manipulation.

*" Some practitioners also claim that relaxation techniques, particularly the use of imagery, can prolong life.

Anglicans also continued to extensively use sacred imagery, keeping in line with the Western Catholic Tradition.

Protestants generally use religious art for teaching and for inspiration, but such images are not venerated as in Orthodoxy, and many Protestant church sanctuaries contain no imagery at all.

Some tests are visual, some are verbal, some tests only use abstract-reasoning problems, and some tests concentrate on arithmetic, spatial imagery, reading, vocabulary, memory or general knowledge.

Since this use of the term conflicts with that of ordinary language, some psychologists have preferred to describe this process as " imaging " or " imagery " or to speak of it as " reproductive " as opposed to " productive " or " constructive " imagination.

Not only his social and economic views guided the country's socio-economic course for a long time, his use of the imagery, ' a yam between two boulders ' in Nepal's geopolitical context, formed the principal guideline of the country's foreign policy for future centuries.

Another strong element of poetic diction can be the use of vivid imagery for effect.

Sonnets are particularly associated with love poetry, and often use a poetic diction heavily based on vivid imagery, but the twists and turns associated with the move from octave to sestet and to final couplet make them a useful and dynamic form for many subjects.

Some therapists use virtual reality or imagery exercise to desensitize patients to the feared entity.

Bratcher argued that the Old Testament absorbed Near Eastern pagan mythology ( although he drew a sharp distinction between the literally-interpreted myths of the Near Eastern pagans and the " mythopoetic " use of imagery from pagan myths by the Hebrews ).

Magritte's use of ordinary objects in unfamiliar spaces is joined to his desire to create poetic imagery.

Star Trek: Voyager was also the first Star Trek TV show to eliminate the use of models for exterior space shots and exclusively use computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) instead.