Legal scholar Jim Drennan, an expert on the court system at the Institute of Government at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, told the Winston-Salem Journal in a 2007 interview that the ability to use this form of guilty plea as an option in courts had a far-reaching effect throughout the United States.

In 1979 an expert World Health Organization committee discouraged the use of " alcoholism " in medicine, preferring the category of " alcohol dependence syndrome ".

However, there is disagreement among expert bodies regarding the long-term use of benzodiazepines for panic disorder.

According to Professor Gilles Brassard, an expert in quantum computing: " The time needed to factor an RSA integer is the same order as the time needed to use that same integer as modulus for a single RSA encryption.

Thus, instead of using rules they no longer remember, as knowledge engineers suppose, the expert is forced to remember rules they no longer use.

The earliest known use of an expert witness in English law came in 1782, when a court that was hearing litigation relating to the silting-up of Wells harbour in Norfolk accepted evidence from a leading civil engineer, John Smeaton.

Worse still, most expert systems use an engine incapable of reasoning.

Language expert William Safire in his On Language column advocated the use of the word factlet to express a " little bit of arcana ".

The researchers gave their participants a choice: they could either bet on the outcome of a series of coin tosses, use an " expert " opinion to sway their decision, or choose a risk-free alternative instead for a smaller financial reward.

As the subtitle of Huber's book, Junk Science in the Courtroom, suggests, his emphasis was on the use or misuse of expert testimony in civil litigation.

* 1858 – John L. Leal, American physician and water treatment expert who pioneered the use of chlorine disinfection ( d. 1914 )

In addition to these direct use cases, data retrieved from mind maps can be used to enhance several other applications, for instance expert search systems, search engines and search and tag query recommender.

Historically, the use of neural networks models marked a paradigm shift in the late eighties from high-level ( symbolic ) artificial intelligence, characterized by expert systems with knowledge embodied in if-then rules, to low-level ( sub-symbolic ) machine learning, characterized by knowledge embodied in the parameters of a dynamical system.

Similar to expert reviews, automated expert reviews provide usability testing but through the use of programs given rules for good design and heuristics.

He was a professor at Harvard and an expert on precise use of explosives.

QLISP was used by Richard Waldinger and Karl Levitt for program verification, by Earl Sacerdoti for planning and execution monitoring, by Jean-Claude Latombe for computer-aided design, by Richard Fikes for deductive retrieval, and by Steven Coles for an early expert system that guided use of an econometric model.

These stored programs could automatically load further more complex software from external storage devices without user intervention, to form an inexpensive turnkey system that does not require a computer expert to understand or to use the device.

The most common type of wire paper clip still in use, the Gem paper clip, was never patented, but it was most likely in production in Britain already in the early 1870s by " The Gem Manufacturing Company ", according to the American expert on technological innovations, Professor Henry J. Petroski.

For reasons of timbre or to minimize switching between different instruments, expert clarinetists sometimes use a different instrument from that for which their part calls — usually substituting the B for the A or vice-versa — transposing the parts at sight instead.

According to a 2011 discovery by a Cambridge manuscript expert, Syriac was the first language to use a question mark.

For example, to obtain permission to use a kit car in Germany, every such vehicle with a speed over 6 km / h without a general operating license ( ABE ) or an EC type permission ( EC-TG ) has to undergo, as per the § 21 of Road traffic licensing regulations ( STVZO ), a technical inspection by an officially recognized expert of a Technical Inspection Authority.

To obtain permission to use a kit car in Germany, every such vehicle with a speed over 6 km / h without a general operating license ( ABE ) or an EC type permission ( EC-TG ) has to undergo, as per the § 21 of Road traffic licensing regulations ( STVZO ), a technical inspection by an officially recognized expert of a Technical Inspection Authority.

Jews, Protestants, and Catholics all use the Masoretic text as the textual basis for their translations of the protocanonical books ( those which are received by both Jews and all Christians ), with various emendations derived from a multiplicity of other ancient witnesses ( such as the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Dead Sea Scrolls, etc.

In this respect, problems of compliance with Article 6 may arise when national laws allow the use in evidence of the testimonies of absent, anonymous and vulnerable witnesses.

Falsum in uno, falsum in omnibus status as a logical fallacy is independent of whether it is wise or unwise to use as a legal rule, with witnesses testifying in courts being held for perjury if part of their statements are false.

In Western society, the use of oral material goes back to the early Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides, both of whom made extensive use of oral reports from witnesses.

In United States v. Calandra,, the Supreme Court ruled that grand juries may use allegedly illegally obtained evidence in questioning witnesses because " the damage to that institution from the unprecedented extension of the exclusionary rule outweighs the benefit of any possible incremental deterrent effect.

In extreme circumstances where the relationship between the lawyers, parties, and / or witnesses has totally broken down, the court may require the use of a discovery referee who will have authority to sit in on depositions and rule immediately on objections as they are presented, or may order that all further depositions take place in court in the presence of a judge.

At the end of the episode the peddler gives a couple a comb, which they use to groom themselves just before they are photographed as witnesses for a newspaper story covering the " hit and run " accident that killed Fred Renard.

For economic and transport reasons, Wirth did not make use here of industrial bottled carbon monoxide as in T-4, but had the same gas supplied by a large engine ( although witnesses differ as to its type, most probably it was a petrol engine ), whose exhaust fumes, poisonous in an enclosed space, were led by a system of pipes into the gas chambers.

However, on December 10, 1941, the conviction was overturned on a 4 – 3 vote by New York's Court of Appeals, which questioned the use of testimony of non-accomplice witnesses who were promised leniency to support the testimony of Reles, Tannenbaum and Magoon.

Miranda was retried, and this time the prosecution did not use the confession but called witnesses and used other evidence.

Ancient documents describe the use of such crystal sunglasses by judges in ancient Chinese courts to conceal their facial expressions while questioning witnesses.

Egypt innovated the use of papyrus and the calame, added legalistic formalism to document preparation, and had specialized notary-scribes, called sesh n pero " pharaoh's scribe " or sesh n po " scribe of the nome "— agoranomos in Ptolemaic times — who gave authenticity to instruments without the need for witnesses.

: It is lawful for any person who witnesses a breach of the peace to interfere to prevent the continuance or renewal of it, and to use such force as is reasonably necessary for such prevention and is reasonably proportioned to the danger to be apprehended from such continuance or renewal, and to detain any person who is committing or who is about to join in or to renew the breach of the peace for such time as may be reasonably necessary in order to give the person into the custody of a police officer.

In the United States, videoconferencing has allowed testimony to be used for an individual who is unable or prefers not to attend the physical legal settings, or would be subjected to severe psychological stress in doing so, however there is a controversy on the use of testimony by foreign or unavailable witnesses via video transmission, regarding the violation of the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution.

It involves moving from area to area, interacting with characters, and putting more emphasis on the use of inventory over questioning witnesses, clue-seeking, and traveling.

This was partly to recognise the increasing role magistrates play in the administration of justice, but also to recognise the archaic nature of " Your Worship " and the tendency for witnesses and defendants to incorrectly use " Your Honour " in any event.

Lowe also witnesses a crime committed by Vic and the Strike Team, which Aceveda tries to use to capture Mackey.

The use of attesting witnesses has replaced to a large extent the former use of seals to create a higher degree of formalism ; this explains the traditional formula signed, sealed and delivered and why agreements under seal are also called contracts by deed.

It's about the type of justice delivered, decent facilities for victims and witnesses and efficient use of the system.

The brief may also contain suggestions for the use of counsel when cross-examining witnesses called by the other side.

The use of police procedural elements in superhero comics can partly be attributed to the success of Kurt Busiek's groundbreaking 1994 series Marvels, and his subsequent Astro City work, both of which examine the typical superhero universe from the viewpoint of the common man who witnesses the great dramas from afar, participating in them tangentially at best.

Examples of approaches to testing and assessment include the use of questioning, evidence of corroborating witnesses, documents, video and forensic evidence.