The vocative case indicates that a person or thing is being addressed ( e. g., O Tite, cur ancillam pugnas?

Some count vocative not as a separate case, despite it having a distinctive ending in the singular, but consider it as a different use of the nominative.

* The vocative case indicates an addressee: John, are you all right?

The evolution of the “- mir ” element to “- mierz ” is due to two separate developments: first, the regular change of the vowel " i " to "( i ) e " before " r ", and second, the modification of the nominative case by the vocative for certain names ( hence, Kazimierz replaced Kazimier based on the vocative Kazimierze ).

( Note that A Uachtaráin ( vocative case ) would be the correct address in Irish.

Historically, the vocative case was an element of the Indo-European system of cases, and existed in Latin, Sanskrit, and Classical Greek.

Although it has been lost by many modern Indo-European languages, some languages have retained the vocative case to this day.

In Extremaduran and Fala language, some post-tonical vowels open in vocative forms of nouns, but it is a new development which doesn't come from the Latin vocative case.

Ukrainian is the only modern East Slavic language which preserves the vocative case.

In the Russian language the vocative case has been almost entirely replaced by the nominative ( except for a handful of vestigial forms, e. g. Bozhe and Gospodi " Lord!

The Hare Krishna mantra is composed of Sanskrit names in the vocative case: Hare, Krishna, and Rama ( in Anglicized spelling, the transliteration of the three vocatives is, and, pronounced ).

( This oblique case is a relic of the original, more complex proto-Slavic system of noun cases, and there are remnants of other cases in Bulgarian, such as the vocative case of direct address.

Wenedyk also has a vocative case.

Extremaduran and the Fala language are actually the only western Romance languages with a distinct form of vocative case for nouns formed with a change in the ending.

Kyrie, a transliteration of Greek κύριε ( kyrie ), vocative case of κύριος ( kyrios ), meaning " Lord " but mostly " Sir ", is the common name of an important prayer of Christian liturgy, which is also called the Kýrie, eléison ( Greek, Κύριε, ἐλέησον, for " Lord, have mercy ").

* The ( syntactic ) vocative case ( V ) is not morphologically marked anymore in modern Slovak ( unlike in modern Czech ).

Today the ( syntactic ) vocative is realised by the ( morphological ) nominative case, just like in English, German and many other languages.

There is a dispute among some Slovak linguists whether to include vocative into grammar categories but with declension ( mostly ) equal to the nominative, or to unify it with nominative case category.

One Latin element that has survived in Romanian while having disappeared from other Romance languages is the morphological case differentiation in nouns, albeit reduced to only three forms ( nominative / accusative, genitive / dative, and vocative ) from the original six or seven.

As specified above, the vocative case in Romanian has a special form for most nouns, but for convenience reasons the form of the nominative is often employed.

A vocative expression is an expression of direct address, wherein the identity of the party being spoken to is set forth expressly within a sentence.

For example, in the sentence, " I don't know, John ," John is a vocative expression indicating the party who is being addressed, as opposed to the sentence " I don't know John ," where John is the direct object of the verb " know.

Among the Romance languages the vocative was preserved in Romanian: it is also visible sometimes, in languages such as Catalan or Portuguese which employ the personal article but drop it in front of vocative forms.

It is inflected as follows: vocative: / ; accusative: / ; genitive: / ; dative: / )

The plural of Brutus is Bruti, and the vocative form is Brute, as immortalized in the quotation " Et tu, Brute?

One of her names, Hara ( mentioned in Narada-pancaratra 5. 5. 59 ), in vocative Hare, forms a part of the Hare Krishna ' Maha-Mantra ', one of the most popular Vedic mantras, especially among certain sects of Gaudiya Vaishnavas ( some other sects among Gaudiya Vaishnavas explain that the word " Hare " in the mantra is the vocative form of " Hari ", which is also a name of God ).

Irish is an inflected language, having, in its standard form, the following cases: common ( the old nominative and accusative ), vocative and genitive.

Vocalizations of spinner dolphins include whistles, which may be used to orangization the structure of the school ; burst-pulse signals, which may serve to be evocative and vocative and echolocation clicks.

The vocative is used in direct address, and is always preceded by the particle, which triggers lenition.

Che (,, ;, ) is a Spanish diminutive interjection ( a vocative expression ) commonly used in Argentina and Uruguay.

It is a form of colloquial slang used in a vocative sense as " friend ", and thus loosely corresponds to expressions such as " mate ", " pal ", " man ", " bro ", or " dude ", as used by various English speakers.

But since the morphological vocative is used only for the above restricted number of words and in addition only in some contexts, it is surely an exaggeration to say that the ( morphological ) vocative is still in the Slovak language.

However, there is a different form of morphological vocative emerging in spoken language, used with some familiar forms of personal names ( Paľo-Pali, Jano, Jana-Jani, Zuza-Zuzi ) and familiar forms of kinship words, such as mama-mami ( mum, mother ), oco-oci ( dad, father ), tata, tato-tati ( dad, daddy ), baba, babka-babi ( gran, granny, grandmother ).

The vocative is less used as it is normally restricted to nouns designating people or things which can be addressed directly ; additionally, nouns in the vocative often borrow the nominative form even when there is a distinct vocative form available.

( Note that the vocative does not have both definite and indefinite forms, as it is not used with any specific function within sentences.

* The vocative case is used in addressing someone.

It can be used as a vocative as well, e. g. when speaking to an older person, as in " Su merced, ¿ por qué no vienen vusted y sus nietos a mi casa esta tarde?

* In vocative case go, have ba reba are used, e. g. kya ra ba?

* First used in USA English as a vocative, from Spanish vosotros = " you ": compare Buster.

Macedonian and Bulgarian are sharply divergent from the remaining South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian and Slovene, and indeed all other Slavic languages, in that they don't use noun cases ( except for the vocative, and apart from some traces of once productive inflections still found scattered throughout the languages ).

There, he operated a general store called Willie Ah Poy Fruitier and Confectioner, Ah Poy being his name in the vocative, based on the Taishanese pronunciation, and what Australian immigration officials heard Poy enunciate in response to their request for his name.

" It can be added to an explicit vocative to call the attention, playing the role of " Hey ", for instance: " Che, Pedro, ¡ mirá!

Some examples of affective forms are: diminutives ( for example, diminutive affixes in Indo-European and Amerindian languages indicate sympathy, endearment, emotional closeness, or antipathy, condescension, and emotional distance ); ideophones and onomatopoeias ; expletives, exclamations, interjections, curses, insults, and imprecations ( said to be " dramatizations of actions or states "); intonation change ( common in tone languages such as Japanese ); address terms, kinship terms, and pronouns which often display clear affective dimensions ( ranging from the complex address-form systems found languages such a Javanese to inversions of vocative kin terms found in Rural Italy ); lexical processes such as synecdoche and metonymy involved in affect meaning manipulation ; certain categories of meaning like evidentiality ; reduplication, quantifiers, and comparative structures ; as well as inflectional morphology.

Slovak schools have been teaching for at least 30 years that there is no grammar category of vocative anymore in use, and since 1990 they have not mentioned the vocative at all.

* Kyrie, the vocative case of the Greek word κύριος ( kyrios-lord ), and the name for the section of the Christian sacrament of the Eucharist beginning " Kýrie, eléison " ( Lord, have mercy )