Felids also have a highly developed sense of smell, although not to the degree seen in canids ; this is further supplemented by the presence of a vomeronasal organ in the roof of the mouth, allowing the animal to " taste " the air.

The Komodo dragon uses its tongue to detect, taste, and smell stimuli, as with many other reptiles, with the vomeronasal sense using the Jacobson's organ, rather than using the nostrils.

Mups activate olfactory sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ ( VNO ), a subsystem of the nose known to detect pheromones via specific sensory receptors, of mice and rats.

In mammals, these chemical signals are believed to be detected primarily by the vomeronasal organ ( VNO ), a chemosensory organ located at the base of the nasal septum.

Three distinct families of putative pheromone receptors have been identified in the vomeronasal organ ( V1Rs, V2Rs, and V3Rs ).

In mammals and reptiles, pheromones may be detected by the vomeronasal organ ( VNO ), or Jacobson's organ, which lies between the nose and mouth and is the first stage of the accessory olfactory system.

The focus of the experiments on human pheromones has been on three classes of putative pheromones: axillary steroids, vaginal aliphatic acids, and stimulators of the vomeronasal organ.

Crocodilians lack a vomeronasal organ ( except in the embryonic stage ) and a urinary bladder.

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The vomeronasal organ is mainly used to detect pheromones, chemical messengers that carry information between individuals of the same species.

Chemical communication does appear to occur among humans, but this does not necessarily imply that the human vomeronasal organ is functional.

In mammals, the sensory neurons of the vomeronasal organ detect non-volatile chemical cues, which requires direct physical contact with the source of odor.

V1R is specifically expressed in the rodent vomeronasal organ ( VNO ) and is thought to be responsible for pheromone reception, eliciting a signal tranduction.

The vomeronasal organ ’ s sensory neurons act on a different signaling pathway than that of the main olfactory system ’ s sensory neurons.

However, most investigators have sought to identify the opening of the vomeronasal organ in humans, rather than identify the tubular epithelial structure itself.

Thus it has been argued that such studies, employing macroscopic observational methods, have sometimes missed or even misidentified the vomeronasal organ .< sup ></ sup >

The vomeronasal organ, also called Jacobson's organ, is a chemoreceptor organ named for its closeness to the vomer and nasal bones, and is particularly developed in animals such as cats ( who adopt a characteristic pose called the Flehmen reaction or flehming when making use of it ), and is thought to have to do with the perception of certain pheromones.

The flehmen response (; ), also called the flehmen position, flehmen reaction, flehming, or flehmening ( from German flehmen ), is a particular type of curling of the upper lip in ungulates, felids, and many other mammals, which facilitates the transfer of pheromones and other scents into the vomeronasal organ, also called the Jacobson's organ.

The vomeronasal receptor neurons possess axons which travel from the VNO to the accessory olfactory bulb ( AOB ) or, as its also known, the vomeronasal bulb.

Among studies that use microanatomical methods, there is no reported evidence that human beings have active sensory neurons like those in working vomeronasal systems of other animals .< sup ></ sup > Furthermore, there is no evidence to date that suggests there are nerve and axon connections between any existing sensory receptor cells that may be in the adult human VNO and the brain.

Mice detect pheromones mainly with the vomeronasal organ ( Jacobson's organ ), located at the bottom of the nose.

* Jacobson's cartilage, or vomeronasal cartilage, narrow strip of cartilage in the nasal cavity

* Jacobson's organ, or vomeronasal organ, auxiliary olfactory sense organ

This sensitivity is tied to the fact that the resting potential of the vomeronasal neurons is relatively close to that of the firing threshold of these neurons.

The functional vomeronasal system is found in many animals, including all snakes, and lizards, plus many mammals, such as mice, rats, elephants, cattle, dogs, cats, goats, and pigs.

The vomeronasal organ is located at the back of the septum and has a role in pheromone detection.

The tongue is extended from the mouth to collect particles of air, which are then deposited in the vomeronasal organ on the roof of the mouth, which acts as a chemosensory organ.

# The sense of smell: receptors of the olfactory epithelium bind odorants ( olfactory receptors ) and pheromones ( vomeronasal receptors )

During embryological development, the vomeronasal sensory neurons form from the nasal ( olfactory ) placode, at the anterior edge of the neural plate ( cranial nerve zero ).

It receives axonal input from the vomeronasal organ, a distinct sensory epithelium from the main olfactory epithelium that detects pheromones, among other chemical stimuli.

By licking a surface, molecules on it are transferred via the tongue to the olfactory receptors in the nose and in the vomeronasal organ.

* Distance chemoreceptors are integral to receiving stimuli in the olfactory system through both olfactory receptor neurons and neurons in the vomeronasal organ.

Its presence in many animals has been widely studied and the importance of the vomeronasal system to the role of reproduction and social behavior ( through influence on anterior hypothalamus ) has been shown in many studies.

The importance of the vomeronasal system to the role of reproduction and social networking has been shown in many studies.

These behavioral studies show the importance of the vomeronasal system in animals ’ social networks and everyday activities.

At the dorsal and ventral aspect of the lumen are vomeronasal glands, which fill the vomeronasal lumen with fluid.

The receptor neurons possess apical microvilli, to which are localized the sensory receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors which are often referred to as pheromone receptors since vomeronasal receptors have been tied to detecting pheromones.

Many vomeronasal neurons are activated by chemicals in urine.

Many patch-clamp recordings have confirmed the sensitivity of the vomeronasal neurons.

* Elephants transfer chemosensory stimuli to the vomeronasal opening in the roof of their mouths using the prehensile structure, sometimes called a " finger ", at the tips of their trunks.

Half of the guinea pigs vomeronasal systems were removed, while the other half were put under fake surgeries with their vomeronasal systems left intact.